Abstract In the autumn of 1973, the Hunan Institute of Metallurgical Geology came to our institute in China to entrust us with the smelting and processing of Ni76Mn24 alloy strips. This task was carried out by Cui Yongliu and me. We followed the general process used for Ni-based alloys and produced two batches of strips for each other. Later, the second machine department 233 factory and the Guilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology also requested the production of similar Ni76Mn24 alloy strips.
In December 1973, I was sent by my team leader to investigate the development status of synthetic diamond catalyst alloys domestically. I visited major diamond research institutions and alloy manufacturers in Beijing and Shanghai, gaining a preliminary understanding of the industry’s overall situation.
In May 1974, the National Bureau of Three Departments held a seminar on the application and discussion of synthetic diamonds at the Hunan Tin Mine. During the meeting, the “Diamond 100†drilling rig, developed by the Hunan Metallurgical Geology Institute, was officially recognized. After the drill bit was made, the drilling performance using the “Diamond 100†rig was remarkable—drilling 11 meters of limestone at a rate of 2 meters per hour. It ranked first nationwide and was called the "singles champion." As a result, the catalyst alloy we produced gained significant attention from both superiors and the industry. Following the meeting, officials from the Ministry of Metallurgy, the Ministry of Machinery, and the State Geological Bureau visited our institute. The Director of the Department of Geology at the Ministry of Metallurgy urged the institute to strengthen research on catalyst alloys and allocated funds to improve our melting conditions. In July 1974, Fang Jun and I traveled to Zhengzhou and Sanmao to discuss collaborative research on catalyst alloys. We proposed replacing the widely used NiMn binary alloys (such as Ni70Mn30, Ni76Mn20) and NiCrFe alloys with a NiMnCo ternary alloy. This proposal was approved by Changsha, with our institute responsible for developing the catalytic alloys and Sanmao for their application in diamond synthesis.
In August 1974, the First Machinery Department held a “large particle synthetic diamond seminar†in Shanghai (invited by our institute). At this meeting, the national diamond development plan was formulated, and our institute was designated as the responsible unit for developing synthetic diamond catalyst materials. Immediately after the meeting, I reported the matter to higher authorities.
In October 1974, we delivered the first batch of N70iM25nCo5 alloy strips to Sanmao. One month later, the three mills returned the test results, stating that the target indicators had been met and the subject was internally recognized by Sanmao.
At the beginning of 1975, the leadership decided to establish a catalyst alloy group, with Wang Guangzu appointed as the head of the diamond and catalyst research project. As more participants joined, in addition to the NiMnCo alloy, we later developed the 2# catalyst (NiMnCoNbCu) and 3# catalyst (NiMnCu). These were approved at the ministerial level in 1977 and 1986 and were widely promoted and applied throughout China.
The Ni70M25nCo5 alloy (or 1# catalyst) became the focus of the group. Initially, there was debate over the alloy composition ratio. Since Ni and Co are both expensive metals, often imported, especially cobalt, which is costly, it was best to use as little as possible. We tested Co contents of 3%, 5%, 7%, 10%, and 15%, adjusting the proportions of Ni and Mn accordingly, and prepared several batches of alloys using the previous process. The strips were sent to Sanmao, the Guilin Metallurgical Institute, and the Hunan Metallurgical Institute. The test results from the three institutions showed that: at less than 3% Co, the diamond color was light and strength was reduced; above 10% Co, there was no significant difference in diamond color or strength compared to 5% Co. After reaching a consensus on the composition, we focused on improving the alloying process and enhancing the alloy's properties, including refining the smelting process and adding trace elements like C, B, Cr, Al, Ce, and La to improve the synthetic effect. We also regularly collected user feedback across the country to guide further improvements. After 10 years of research, the N70iM25nCo5 catalyst alloy was widely used in domestic diamond manufacturers and became the preferred choice for synthetic diamond single crystals on six-sided top presses. In 1984, the Ministry of Metallurgy conducted a technical appraisal, evaluating it as "the first in China," noting its positive role in promoting the development of the diamond industry and its status as a standardized product.
Economically, in 1984 alone, our hospital produced 13.5 tons of N70iM25nCo5 alloy, generating an output value of 1.475 million yuan. By 1994, the output had reached 505 tons, with an output value of 88.678 million yuan. Over 10 years, the output increased 37 times, and the output value rose 60 times.
During the 10 years following the identification of the 1# catalyst, we remained attentive to industry trends. In 1986 and 1993, we introduced 86-8# (containing Cr, Si) and CHS3 (containing Fe) catalyst alloys, which saw better promotion and application and passed ministerial-level technical appraisals. However, their impact was far less than that of the N70iM25nCo5 alloy.
I retired in December 1994 and am not fully aware of subsequent developments. (Author: CRIMM Liu Shuzhen)
In December 1973, I was sent by my team leader to investigate the development status of synthetic diamond catalyst alloys domestically. I visited major diamond research institutions and alloy manufacturers in Beijing and Shanghai, gaining a preliminary understanding of the industry’s overall situation.
In May 1974, the National Bureau of Three Departments held a seminar on the application and discussion of synthetic diamonds at the Hunan Tin Mine. During the meeting, the “Diamond 100†drilling rig, developed by the Hunan Metallurgical Geology Institute, was officially recognized. After the drill bit was made, the drilling performance using the “Diamond 100†rig was remarkable—drilling 11 meters of limestone at a rate of 2 meters per hour. It ranked first nationwide and was called the "singles champion." As a result, the catalyst alloy we produced gained significant attention from both superiors and the industry. Following the meeting, officials from the Ministry of Metallurgy, the Ministry of Machinery, and the State Geological Bureau visited our institute. The Director of the Department of Geology at the Ministry of Metallurgy urged the institute to strengthen research on catalyst alloys and allocated funds to improve our melting conditions. In July 1974, Fang Jun and I traveled to Zhengzhou and Sanmao to discuss collaborative research on catalyst alloys. We proposed replacing the widely used NiMn binary alloys (such as Ni70Mn30, Ni76Mn20) and NiCrFe alloys with a NiMnCo ternary alloy. This proposal was approved by Changsha, with our institute responsible for developing the catalytic alloys and Sanmao for their application in diamond synthesis.
In August 1974, the First Machinery Department held a “large particle synthetic diamond seminar†in Shanghai (invited by our institute). At this meeting, the national diamond development plan was formulated, and our institute was designated as the responsible unit for developing synthetic diamond catalyst materials. Immediately after the meeting, I reported the matter to higher authorities.
In October 1974, we delivered the first batch of N70iM25nCo5 alloy strips to Sanmao. One month later, the three mills returned the test results, stating that the target indicators had been met and the subject was internally recognized by Sanmao.
At the beginning of 1975, the leadership decided to establish a catalyst alloy group, with Wang Guangzu appointed as the head of the diamond and catalyst research project. As more participants joined, in addition to the NiMnCo alloy, we later developed the 2# catalyst (NiMnCoNbCu) and 3# catalyst (NiMnCu). These were approved at the ministerial level in 1977 and 1986 and were widely promoted and applied throughout China.
The Ni70M25nCo5 alloy (or 1# catalyst) became the focus of the group. Initially, there was debate over the alloy composition ratio. Since Ni and Co are both expensive metals, often imported, especially cobalt, which is costly, it was best to use as little as possible. We tested Co contents of 3%, 5%, 7%, 10%, and 15%, adjusting the proportions of Ni and Mn accordingly, and prepared several batches of alloys using the previous process. The strips were sent to Sanmao, the Guilin Metallurgical Institute, and the Hunan Metallurgical Institute. The test results from the three institutions showed that: at less than 3% Co, the diamond color was light and strength was reduced; above 10% Co, there was no significant difference in diamond color or strength compared to 5% Co. After reaching a consensus on the composition, we focused on improving the alloying process and enhancing the alloy's properties, including refining the smelting process and adding trace elements like C, B, Cr, Al, Ce, and La to improve the synthetic effect. We also regularly collected user feedback across the country to guide further improvements. After 10 years of research, the N70iM25nCo5 catalyst alloy was widely used in domestic diamond manufacturers and became the preferred choice for synthetic diamond single crystals on six-sided top presses. In 1984, the Ministry of Metallurgy conducted a technical appraisal, evaluating it as "the first in China," noting its positive role in promoting the development of the diamond industry and its status as a standardized product.
Economically, in 1984 alone, our hospital produced 13.5 tons of N70iM25nCo5 alloy, generating an output value of 1.475 million yuan. By 1994, the output had reached 505 tons, with an output value of 88.678 million yuan. Over 10 years, the output increased 37 times, and the output value rose 60 times.
During the 10 years following the identification of the 1# catalyst, we remained attentive to industry trends. In 1986 and 1993, we introduced 86-8# (containing Cr, Si) and CHS3 (containing Fe) catalyst alloys, which saw better promotion and application and passed ministerial-level technical appraisals. However, their impact was far less than that of the N70iM25nCo5 alloy.
I retired in December 1994 and am not fully aware of subsequent developments. (Author: CRIMM Liu Shuzhen)
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