It is an undeniable reality that groundwater pollution in China has become a severe and growing environmental issue. In recent years, numerous cases of groundwater contamination have come to light, drawing public attention and concern. The pollution trend has evolved from isolated incidents to widespread issues, spreading from east to west, from urban centers to rural areas, and from local to regional scales. Unlike surface water, groundwater is often referred to as the "life water" for humans, and once it becomes polluted, it is extremely difficult and time-consuming to restore—sometimes taking thousands of years.
According to experts from Dongguan, the increasing pollution of groundwater is largely due to industrial wastewater discharge, domestic sewage, excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, leaching from landfills, and leaks from underground oil tanks. According to the China Geological Survey, 90% of China’s groundwater is contaminated to some extent, with 64% being heavily polluted. In the 1.97 million square kilometers of plain areas assessed by the National Water Resources Survey, the most severe contamination was found in the Taihu, Liaohe, Haihe, and Huaihe river basins. The excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides has led to high levels of “three nitrates†(ammonia nitrogen, nitrates, and nitrites) in groundwater. In the Yangtze River Delta region, nitrates in groundwater have been found to exceed safe limits.
In addition to chemical pollutants, organic contamination is also a significant problem. Studies have detected trace amounts of organic substances in groundwater, including carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic compounds. These harmful substances are not easily degraded by microorganisms but can be readily absorbed by organisms and eventually enter the human body through the food chain. In regions such as Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, over 100 types of pollutants have been identified in groundwater, many of which include these dangerous “three†substances.
In recent years, the over-extraction of groundwater has led to the formation of large underground “funnels,†which worsen the flow of contaminated water into deeper aquifers. According to official reports, the overuse of groundwater in North China has reached 120 billion cubic meters, equivalent to the volume of 200 Baiyangdian Lakes. As groundwater levels drop, a massive funnel-shaped area has formed in the North China Plain. Contaminated wastewater from these areas not only pollutes shallow groundwater but also seeps deeper, leading to the contamination of deep aquifers.
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