Most vegetable farmers apply pesticides based on their own experience rather than the actual occurrence and development of pests and diseases. This often leads to overuse or misuse of chemicals. Whether it's fungal, bacterial, viral, or physiological diseases in melons and vegetables, farmers tend to spray pesticides as soon as they notice slight changes in leaves or fruits. Similarly, for pests like mites or aphids, they apply the same pesticide regardless of the type of infestation, which is usually ineffective. In reality, each pest has its own unique behavior and impact. For example, powdery mildew tends to affect the young parts of melon plants, while black spot typically starts from the lower leaves. Mites, on the other hand, gather on the underside of leaves and feed on plant sap.
Most conventional pesticides are very specific, targeting only one type of pathogen or disease. As a result, they may not work against other types of issues. Therefore, it’s essential to identify the exact pest or disease before applying any treatment. Many small-scale farmers, upon seeing even a few pests in the greenhouse, immediately spray pesticides to eliminate them entirely. However, this approach is often unnecessary and inefficient. From an economic perspective, it's better not to control pests if their population remains below the threshold level. Controlling them unnecessarily can reduce the cost-benefit ratio and waste resources.
Instead of relying solely on chemical pesticides, many farmers are now turning to **biological pesticides**, which offer a safer and more sustainable alternative. These products use natural organisms or substances to control pests and diseases without harming beneficial insects or the environment. Biological pesticides can be more targeted, effective in the long run, and help maintain a healthier ecosystem in the greenhouse. By adopting these methods, farmers can reduce their dependence on synthetic chemicals and promote more eco-friendly agricultural practices.
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