Common excavator structures include power units, work devices, slewing mechanisms, steering systems, transmission systems, running gear, and auxiliary equipment. These components work together to enable the machine to perform a wide range of excavation tasks efficiently.
Visually, an excavator is composed of three main sections: the working device, the upper rotating platform, and the undercarriage. Depending on its design and intended use, excavators can be categorized into several types, such as crawler-mounted, wheeled, walking-type, fully hydraulic, semi-hydraulic, full-rotation, non-full-rotation, general-purpose, specialized, articulated, and telescopic arm models.
The working device is responsible for performing the actual digging operations. It consists of three main parts—boom, arm, and bucket—that are connected through hinges. The movement of the boom, extension of the arm, and rotation of the bucket are all controlled by hydraulic cylinders that operate in a reciprocating and double-acting manner. To adapt to different construction needs, excavators can be equipped with various attachments, including buckets, grabs, rakes, hammers, and even snow blades, making them highly versatile machines.
The slewing and running mechanism forms the core of the hydraulic excavator. The engine, which serves as the primary power source, is typically a diesel engine, though electric motors can also be used in certain applications. This power is transferred to the hydraulic system, allowing the machine to operate its various functions effectively.
The transmission system plays a crucial role in transferring the engine's power to the actuators, such as hydraulic motors and cylinders. This enables the working device to move and perform tasks like digging, lifting, and loading. The entire system is designed to ensure smooth operation and precise control, making excavators essential in construction, mining, and earthmoving industries.
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