Controlling broad bean wilt requires an integrated approach that combines the use of pesticides with cultural practices for effective management. According to China Pesticide Network, here is a comprehensive strategy to prevent and manage broad bean blight:
Symptoms: Broad bean plants typically show symptoms during or near the flowering stage. The disease can affect all parts of the plant. Initially, the leaves turn light green, then gradually become pale yellow. The leaf edges, especially the tips, often appear scorched and blackened. As the disease progresses, the leaves turn yellow and wither from the bottom up. Affected leaves are usually curled, twisted, and dry. At the base of the stem, dark brown lesions appear, which are slightly sunken. When wet, a pink mold layer (conidia of the pathogen) may develop on the lesions. These lesions spread upward, causing the stem to bend or droop, eventually leading to plant death. The roots also suffer damage, showing brown to dark brown stripes on the lateral and main roots. Over time, the main roots may turn black, the cortex may decay, and root necrosis may occur. Affected roots are weak and easily pulled out. Cutting the diseased stem reveals blackened vascular bundles, which often result in plant death.
Conditions for Disease Development: Soil moisture, temperature, and pH significantly influence the occurrence of this disease. When soil moisture is below 65%, the incidence rate increases. Drier conditions lead to faster disease development, and some plants may die before forming pods. In contrast, high soil moisture and fertile soils can help plants produce more adventitious roots, delaying disease progression. In some cases, only part of the plant may wilt while other parts continue to bear fruit. Symptoms generally appear when the soil temperature reaches 15°C, and the disease spreads rapidly as temperatures rise. At 25°C, infected plants often die quickly. However, when soil temperature exceeds 32°C, disease development slows down. Soil fertility also plays a role; the disease is more common and severe in poor soils compared to fertile ones. Acidic soils are more susceptible than alkaline soils.
Pesticide Control Measures:
- Implement crop rotation with non-host crops for 3 to 5 years to significantly reduce disease incidence.
- Improve field management by ensuring proper irrigation and drainage, maintaining suitable soil moisture levels, and avoiding overly dry or waterlogged conditions. Apply adequate base fertilizer and ensure balanced nutrition. After harvesting, remove and destroy infected plant material centrally. Perform autumn and winter irrigation to improve soil conditions.
- It is recommended to use disease-free seeds. If possible, select seeds from healthy plants. Treat seeds with 0.4% Fumei double seed dressing by weight, or soak them in a 40% formalin solution diluted 100 times for 30 minutes before planting.
By following these strategies, farmers can effectively manage broad bean wilt and protect their crops from significant yield losses. It's important to monitor the field regularly and take timely action to prevent the spread of the disease.
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