The prevention and control of broad bean wilt should be carried out through an integrated approach that combines the use of pesticides with cultural practices, which can lead to effective results. According to the **China Pesticide Network**, here is a comprehensive plan to manage this disease effectively:
**Symptoms and Characteristics**:
Broad bean plants typically begin to show symptoms during or near the flowering stage. The entire plant can be affected, from leaves to roots. Initially, the leaves appear light green, then gradually turn pale yellow. The leaf margins, especially the tips, often become dark and burnt in appearance. As the disease progresses, the leaves turn yellow and wither from the bottom up. Affected leaves may twist, curl, or dry out. At the base of the stem, dark brown lesions appear, which are slightly sunken. When conditions are humid, a pinkish mold layer—composed of fungal spores—may develop on these lesions. These lesions spread upward along the stem, causing it to bend or collapse. The plant eventually dies. The roots also suffer damage, showing brown to dark brown stripes on lateral and main roots. Over time, the main roots may blacken, the cortex may decay, and the entire root system may die. The roots of infected plants are weak and easily pulled out. If you cut into the diseased stem, you will notice that the vascular tissue has turned black, which often leads to the death of the plant.
**Disease Development Conditions**:
Several factors influence the occurrence of broad bean wilt, including soil moisture, temperature, and pH. When soil moisture is below 65%, the disease tends to be more severe, and plants may die before forming pods. In contrast, when the soil is moist and fertile, plants may produce new roots, which can slow down the progression of the disease. Some plants may only partially wilt while still producing pods. The disease becomes noticeable when the soil temperature reaches 15°C, and it spreads rapidly as temperatures rise. At 25°C, the infection can quickly kill the plant. However, when the soil temperature exceeds 32°C, the disease development slows down. Soil fertility also plays a role: the disease is more common and severe in poor soils compared to fertile ones. Acidic soils are more prone to infection than alkaline soils.
**Pesticide Control Measures**:
1. Practice crop rotation by avoiding planting broad beans in the same area for 3–5 years. This significantly reduces the risk of disease.
2. Improve field management by ensuring proper irrigation and drainage to maintain optimal soil moisture. Apply sufficient base fertilizer and manage nutrients carefully. After harvesting, remove and destroy infected plant material promptly. Perform autumn and winter irrigation to help reduce pathogen buildup.
3. It is recommended to use disease-free seeds. If possible, collect seeds from healthy plants. Treat seeds with 0.4% Fumei double seed dressing, or soak them in a 40% formalin solution diluted 100 times for 30 minutes before planting.
By following these measures, farmers can better manage broad bean wilt and protect their crops from significant losses.
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