Technical points for the production and use of high-quality premixed feeds
The premixed feed is a homogeneous mixture of a plurality of additives of the same type or a plurality of different types of additives prepared in a certain ratio. Although the proportion of premixed feed in the full-price feed is small, it plays an extremely important role in the feeding effect of the full-price feed. The scientific premix feed formulation is the key to premix production. To produce high-quality premixes, not only scientific formulas, but also high-quality raw materials, sophisticated equipment and a complete set of management measures are required. Premix is ​​not a simple commodity, but a technology with extremely high technical content. It is a comprehensive reflection of raw material quality testing, nutritional formula design, and livestock and poultry management. In order to further promote and popularize premixed feed technology, this paper briefly describes the production technology and use of premixed feed.
First, the purpose, characteristics and role of pre-mixed feed production
The purpose of the premix is ​​to dilute and expand the trace component additives, and the active ingredients are uniformly dispersed in the compound feed. The premix can be produced by a manufacturer specializing in the manufacture of such products, or it can be produced in a special production workshop attached to the compound feed mill.
Premix has the following characteristics:
1 composition is complicated. Good quality premixes generally include 6 or 7 trace elements, 15 or more vitamins, 2 amino acids, 1 or 2 drugs and other additives (antioxidants and mildew inhibitors), and the nature of various feed additives. And the role is different, the compatibility relationship is complex;
2 less dosage and greater effect. Generally, the ratio of premix to compound feed is 0.5%~5%. Although the dosage is small, it has a great effect on the improvement of animal production performance, feed conversion rate and feed preservation.
3 can not be fed directly. The concentration of the active ingredient of the additive in the premix is ​​very high, generally tens to hundreds of times the amount of animal requirement, and if it is directly fed, it is easy to cause animal poisoning.
There are four main functions of premix:
1 can make the trace components of the additive evenly distributed in the compound feed;
2 through the pre-mixing process to compensate and improve the undesirable characteristics of trace components, such as instability, water absorption, electrostatic adsorption, etc.;
3 standardize the level of additive addition;
4 Simplify the production process of general feed processing plants and reduce investment.
Second, the production technology of pre-mixed feeds
2.1 Using advanced formula
The premixed feed formula is the core of the production technology. It is the animal nutrition expert of the special premix manufacturer. According to the nutritional needs of the animal growth and production stages, according to the basic nutrient content of the domestic feed ingredients, what is missing, The principle of economic rationality, low value and high efficiency is carefully designed, taking into account many factors such as the external environment and processing technology. On the one hand, combined with nutritional needs, user feeding levels and conditions to select appropriate and appropriate amount of additive raw materials; on the other hand, we must consider the processing needs, for most of the components that do not affect safety, such as nutritional additives, master the right amount is the formulation technology key. The amount and usage of drug-based feed additives and certain sensitive ingredients (such as selenium, copper, etc.) must have sufficient scientific basis and necessary practical experience. Otherwise, errors and serious consequences will occur. The ratio of raw materials is an important factor affecting the quality of premixed products. The ratio of active ingredients to diluents in the premix, the ratio between various trace elements, and the ratio between related active ingredients should be just right. The formula should not be static. The formula should be adjusted according to market feedback, local conditions, seasonal changes, latest technology and product information. It is rigorous and flexible, and always makes the premixed products close to the national conditions and production. actual.
2.2 Selection of high-quality raw materials
The quality of the raw materials has a great influence on the actual effect of the premix. The most basic requirement for high-quality raw materials is high purity and no toxic and harmful substances. The most important one is the active ingredient content, especially the easily destroyed vitamin A and vitamin C. Such additives should be determined after actual measurement. Trace element compound raw materials must have the characteristics of high biological potency, stable physical properties and less toxic and harmful substances. In addition, some additives, its own quality and dosage form are easy to affect other additives, and should also pay special attention. For example, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate has strong hygroscopicity and is highly destructive to vitamin A. The effect of ferrous sulfate monohydrate on vitamin A is small. If a protective agent is added, the effect is smaller and the effect itself is smaller. Very active. Manufacturers producing premixes should use high-quality raw materials to accurately measure the quality and potency of raw materials.
When choosing vitamins, you should pay attention to the following two points:
high biological value;
2 According to the climatic characteristics, choose different vitamins, such as damp heat in summer, the choice of thiamine monoamine is better than thiamine hydrochloride.
When selecting trace element raw materials, factors such as the content of the components, particle size, water of crystallization and the content of toxic and harmful substances should be considered. For pharmaceutical feed additives, attention should also be paid to safety issues. When using them, be sure to fully understand their use period, withdrawal period and precautions according to the instructions and the test materials provided by the manufacturer.
2.3 Using the best carrier and thinner
The carrier is a microparticle that carries or adsorbs a small amount of active ingredient, which is an inactive substance in the premix. The choice of carrier should follow the following principles: strong chemical stability, no damage to the adsorbate; moderate particle size, good mixing with full-price feed; low price. The particle size of the carrier should be between 0.177 and 0.59 mm; the density should be similar to the density of the trace components carried by the carrier. The carrier density in the composite premix should be the average of the density of each component; when mixing the carrier and the additive, add 1.5% vegetable oil can improve the adhesion of the carrier; the water content of the carrier should be controlled at 8% to 10%, the carrier can not damage the activity of the active ingredient; the pH of the carrier is close to neutral. Commonly used carriers are: shell powder, wheat bran, corn, lotus root starch, defatted rice bran, stone powder, zeolite powder, salt and the like. The diluent is a component which lowers the concentration of the active material in the premix and separates the trace particles from each other. It is an inactive substance like the carrier, and plays a role in reducing the reaction between the active ingredients and contributing to the stabilization of the active ingredient. The requirement for the diluent is: the water content of the diluent should be less than 10%, no moisture absorption, no agglomeration; the particle size requirement is between 0.05 and 0.6 mm; the surface should be smooth and have good fluidity; pH ​​value requirement Between 5.5 and 7.5, no static charge; must be edible, harmless and stable.
2.4 Raw material pretreatment
Vitamins are susceptible to oxygen, moisture, heat, light, metal ions and other factors that reduce their activity. In order to meet the requirements of the production process, all vitamin additives must be specially pretreated to maintain their stability and activity. The emulsification technique can be used to form microparticles, uniformly dispersed in the matrix, and then coated with a gelatin-coated microparticle to form a microcapsule. The particles thus treated are resistant to mechanical operations, have good oxidation resistance, and have good mixing performance. Trace element additives mainly refer to mineral salts and oxides of copper, iron, manganese, zinc and the like. Some of these compounds have poor water solubility, some are easy to absorb moisture and moisture, and must be properly pretreated before application to change some of their physical properties to meet the processing requirements and ensure product quality. The pretreatment techniques used mainly include drying treatment, addition of anti-caking agent, coating coating, fine granulation, pre-crushing and the like.
2.5 Using high-precision production equipment
The scientific formula should be realized by precise metering ingredients. To ensure accurate ingredients according to the formula requirements, it is necessary to have advanced measuring equipment and reasonable technology. The accuracy and stability of premixing equipment for all kinds of metering equipment are There are high requirements, so the equipment should be strengthened and regularly calibrated. For drugs with small additions that affect safety, such as selenium, high copper and other additives, special care should be taken in metering and dilution. The mixer is the most important equipment for making premixes. Different premix types need to choose different mixer equipment, such as gravity-free particle machine, cone mixer, double-spiral belt mixer, and double-axis paddle. Mixers and fast residue-free mixers.
Under normal circumstances, the requirements for the mixer are:
1 high mixing efficiency, the best mixing time is short;
2 high mixing uniformity;
3 reasonable structure, low residual in the machine and easy to be removed;
4 convenient for loading and unloading;
5 good sealing performance, less material leakage;
6 anti-static.
2.6 Mixed Uniform
Although feed mixing is only a physical process, due to the obvious difference in characteristics such as raw material density, it is necessary to scientifically select equipment, mixing time and a suitable carrier or diluent. The process flow is as simple as possible and strives to be evenly mixed. For high-quality premixes, all components should be evenly distributed. Take a sample test at random. The ratio between the components should be consistent with the formulation. However, due to various factors, there will be differences between different samplings and between batches. Poor uniformity of the premix means that the actual intake of the animal does not match the supply specified by the formula, which directly affects the additive effect and the feeding effect of the compound feed, especially for some safe doses and toxic doses. In the case of trace components, poor uniformity may result in unsafe use, so uniformity is an important quality indicator for premixes. The index for measuring uniformity is the mixing uniformity, expressed by the coefficient of variation. The coefficient of variation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall be less than 7%.
2.7 Introducing HACCP Management System
Today, the importance of meat safety is becoming more and more important. The introduction of HACCP management system in premix production is very necessary. Firstly, the hazard factors that may occur during the production and processing of feeds should be analyzed, the key control points should be determined accordingly, and the control standards should be established, and then practical and effective control measures should be implemented to establish testing methods and procedures to detect in time whether the control measures and the established standards are Deviation, effective corrective measures, timely adjustment of production processing and control methods, and full verification of the HACCP system. The implementation of HACCP can improve the quality control awareness and quality control level of premix manufacturers, and will definitely promote the overall improvement of premix production levels.
Third, the problem of attention in production
3.1 Based on feeding standards,
Feeding standards are the nutritional requirements of animals for different feeding purposes. They can be used as a basis for making premix formulations. In specific applications, they also rely on extensive knowledge of animal nutrition. 1 The nutrient requirement on the standard of feeding should be the sum of the same nutrients provided by the various components, not the amount to be added; 2 It is best to use the premixed raw materials after directly measuring the ingredients, and various nutrients should be considered. The synergy and anti-reaction effect between the substances; 3 the nutrient requirement in the feeding standard is only to meet the minimum requirement of the animal, and the formula should be based on the actual conditions plus the appropriate amount to ensure that the animal is in different conditions. The real need for a nutrient.
3.2 Considering process and processing loss
In the process of premixing, firstly, it is necessary to ensure accurate feeding according to the formulation requirements. Secondly, different adding methods should be adopted according to the characteristics of various components; finally, uniform mixing (CV less than 7%) should be ensured. In the processing of feed (such as crushing, granulating, etc.), some vitamins and other nutrients will be damaged, so these factors should be considered when formulating the formula.
3.3 Pay attention to the anti-nutritional factors in the basic feed
Many energy feeds and protein feed ingredients contain some anti-nutritional factors, which have a certain destructive effect on the nutritional factors in the feed. For example, the flax cake contains anti-B6 factor; the fat oxide in soybean has a destructive effect on vitamin A. Care should be taken to add these nutrients when formulating.
3.4 Focus on stability factors
Most vitamins are less stable, especially in the case of metal ions. If Cu, Fe, Mn, etc. are present in the feed for 3 months, vitamin A loses 80% and vitamin B6 loses 20%. Therefore, the storage time in production should not be too long, and pay attention to measures such as sealing and protection from light.
3.5 Particle size and compatibility of trace components
The particle size requirements of the minor components are determined by their properties and the proportion of the full-price compound feed. For materials with a small addition ratio which is difficult to disperse, it is required to be finely pulverized, otherwise the uniformity of mixing will be affected. Trace active components have a great influence on the growth of animals, but they are prone to chemical reactions and affect their activities. The main methods for solving the compatibility problem are: packaging the vitamins, minerals and other ingredients separately until the full-price compound feed is produced, and simultaneously adding the various pre-mixed feeds; to improve the stability of the active components, two methods are usually adopted. One is to wrap the protective layer on the component that is easily destroyed, and the other is to treat the component that is easy to affect the active material of the other component.
3.6 Safety and High Efficiency
Most of the trace elements are chemicals. When adding, not only the effective amount but also the amount of poisoning should be considered. For example, copper is an effective trace element. High doses have a growth-promoting effect on animals, but when formulating, more consideration should be given to its general use, because the amount of special effects is very close to the amount of poisoning. Like selenium, the content of the feed is extremely small, and the effective amount is very close to the amount of poisoning. The composite premix contains various trace elements and vitamins. Many kinds of differentials have mutual influences. For example, vitamin E and trace element selenium have synergistic effects in the body; calcium and phosphorus can only exert high efficiency when the ratio is appropriate; iron, The amount of zinc can affect the absorption of copper and the like.
3.7 Choline problems
Choline chloride is a low molecular organic compound, which is a necessity for the growth and development of young animals. In corn-based feeds, sufficient amount of choline must be added to ensure the healthy growth of livestock. Generally, 50% choline chloride powder is used as a feed additive, which has strong hygroscopicity. Although it is very stable, it is highly destructive to the active ingredients of other additives, and has damage to vitamins A, D3, K3, etc. Function, so should use the bran, defatted rice bran, rice husk and other adsorption drying treatment to control the carrier moisture to prevent choline moisture absorption.
3.8 into account weather factors
Under different climatic conditions, the nutritional needs of animals are different. The proportion of nutrients should be properly adjusted with the climate to make the formula more reasonable.
Fourth, the use of pre-mixed feed
4.1 Correct understanding of the efficacy of premixes
Under intensive scale feeding conditions, animals must be provided with full-price compound feed. To prepare a full-price compound feed, premix is ​​essential. First consider the nutrient index of crude protein, essential amino acid, energy, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and chlorine in the diet, and then cooperate with scientific and reasonable premix. Only in this way can we play a role in improving animal production, reducing feed consumption and health care. To distinguish the role of various nutrients in animal nutrition and their interrelationship, the nutritional and physiological effects of premix should not be overemphasized. Only when the main nutritional indicators in the diet are reasonable, the role of premix can be demonstrated. .
4.2 Reasonable choice of premix
The premixes sold in the market are mixed, and some have problems such as unqualified quality and unreasonable formula. When purchasing, it is necessary to proceed from the actual situation, and according to the condition of the feed ingredients owned by them, the premix is ​​selected according to local conditions. If you only have energy feed ingredients, you should choose a full nutrient concentrate; if you have both energy feed ingredients and protein materials, you can use a compound premix with 4%~5% added; if it is a feed mill, you can use it. 1%~3% composite premix produced by professional premixing plant or 0.1%~0.5% high-tech classified premix. It is necessary to select premix products produced by manufacturers with strong technical strength, complete product specifications, stable quality and considerate after-sales service; according to the local agricultural and sideline products, choose the type of formula suitable for the type and characteristics of the base materials that they own.
4.3 Strictly identify the quality of
When purchasing premixes, you should first choose the products of regular manufacturers, and carefully check whether the packaging is standardized and the contents of the labels are complete. The following items should be indicated on the label: product name, applicable stage, main ingredients, type and content of pharmaceutical additives, proportion of addition, instructions for use, date of manufacture, shelf life, implementation standard, approval number, name of manufacturer, address, telephone number, etc. . It is also necessary to make a sensory judgment on the quality of the product. The qualified premix should have the same particle size, uniform color, no odor, mildew, moisture absorption and agglomeration.
4.4 Clear use of the object
When using premixes, special premixes should be selected for the type of livestock and different growth stages. The species and applicable stages indicated on the label should be carefully examined.
4.5 Accurate
It should be mixed with other feeds according to the instructions. Generally, the amount of premix should be 0.5%~6% of the total amount of compound feed, and should be accurately weighed when used. Because the dosage is too small to achieve the desired effect, the excessive dosage is not only wasteful, but also easily causes poisoning.
4.6 Fully mixed with basic feed
The premix must be thoroughly mixed with other feeds to feed. And it is best to use the accompanying feed, and the good feed should be used up once.
4.7 Properly Store
Pay attention to the storage time and conditions of the premix and keep it fresh. Unpacked premixes should be stored in a ventilated, cool, dry place, and should be classified and stored; should be used up as soon as possible after opening the bag, do not store for a long time. Sealed during use to avoid moisture, otherwise it will lead to a decrease in the effective ingredient content.
Summary of
Premix is ​​based on the growth and nutritional needs of animals. Considering the influence of various related factors, advanced equipment technology is adopted to rationally use multivitamins, trace elements, amino acids and growth promoting factors through carriers and diluents. High-tech products that are matched and evenly mixed. It contains most of the nutrient needs. When mixed with protein and energy feed, it can balance and efficiently play a nutritious role, fully satisfying the nutritional needs of animal growth and production. However, it should be noted that there are still some problems in the production and use of premix in China, such as the problem of using a trace element premix everywhere, the problem of mixed packaging of composite premixes, high copper and high zinc. And the use of arsenic preparations, etc. With the development of science and technology and the advancement of society, these problems will be gradually solved. Livestock producers can only fully utilize their efficient nutritional functions if they purchase and use premixes properly.
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