Increase knowledge! Application of diamond drill bit in oil exploitation

After exploration by oil workers, oil storage blocks will be discovered. Using special equipment and technology, a cylindrical bore with a certain diameter will be drilled down or to the side at a pre-selected surface location, and the underground oil and gas layer will be drilled. It is called drilling.

Drilling plays an important role in the various tasks of oil exploration and oilfield development. Such as finding and confirming oil and gas-bearing structures, obtaining industrial oil flows, identifying oil-bearing areas and reserves of proven oil-bearing structures, obtaining geological data and development data on oil fields, and finally taking crude oil from the ground to the ground, etc. Both are done through drilling.

Drilling is an important part of the exploration and exploitation of oil and natural gas resources and an important means of exploration and development of petroleum.

The drill bit is a tool used in oil drilling to break rock into a wellbore. The performance of the drill bit will directly affect the drilling quality, drilling efficiency and drilling cost.

The drill bit can be divided into four types according to the type: diamond drill bit, PDC drill bit, scraper bit and roller bit.

Diamond drill bit

A diamond drill bit is a drill bit that breaks rock by diamond particles embedded in a bit body. Diamond is the material with the highest hardness and the highest wear resistance among the materials known to man. Therefore, the diamond bit is used for hard, high-abrasive formations, and a relatively high drill bit can be obtained. Although diamonds are expensive, diamond drill bits are worn and the single drill bit is high, which is still highly competitive in today's oil drilling. At present, diamond drill bits are widely used in ordinary rotary drilling and turbine drilling and coring operations. Among them, thermally stable polycrystalline diamond teeth (TSP) are widely used.

1) Diamond bit structure features

Diamond drill bit is an integrated drill bit. The whole drill bit has no moving parts. It mainly has bit body, crown, hydraulic structure (including water eye or nozzle, water tank, also known as flow channel, chip flute), gauge and cutting edge (tooth). In part, the crown of the diamond drill bit is the working part of the bit cutting rock, the surface (working surface) is set with diamond material cutting teeth, and is arranged with a hydraulic structure, the side of which is a gauge portion (inlaid gauge teeth) and The bit body is connected and made of a tungsten carbide carcass or a steel material. The bit body is a steel material body, the upper part is connected with the threaded rod and the drill string, and the lower part is connected with the crown carcass (the steel crown is integrated with the bit body).

2) Working principle of diamond drill bit

When the diamond bit is drilled, multiple diamonds on the surface of the bit simultaneously act on the rock. The role of diamond-crushed rock exhibits different properties in rocks of different properties. In a plastic formation (or a formation in which the rock is plastic under stress), the diamond eats into the formation under the action of weight-drilling and causes the rock in front to break or plastically flow under the action of the bit torque. The rock-breaking process is similar to " The process of plowing the ground is called "plowing."

When drilling in a brittle formation, the role of diamond-crushing rock is mainly "crushing". The stress generated by the weight-on-bit and torque can cause the rock under the blade to crack along the maximum shear stress surface. The rear part is formed by the fractured groove. In this case, the volume of the rock fracture is much larger than the volume of the broken rock after the diamond is eaten. The rock fracture has the property of volumetric fracture and the rock breaking efficiency is high.

In hard formations (such as vermiculite, siliceous dolomite, etc.), impregnated diamond drill bits with fine-grained diamonds embedded in the carcass are generally used, and the rock breaking process is similar to the grinding of the grinding wheel. Each of the diamonds on the drill bit is a small blade, and the drill can be seen as a tool with numerous blades. When the drill bit is drilled into the rock, the sharp-edged diamond teeth on the drill bit break the rock by micro-cutting and scoring. Grinding broken rock belongs to surface fracture and low rock breaking efficiency.

3) Correct use of diamond drill bits

Diamond drills are suitable for drilling to hard, abrasive formations and turbine drilling, deep well ultra-deep well drilling and coring operations. Before using the diamond drill bit, the bottom of the well should be salvaged to ensure that there are no metal objects. When the drill bit is just down to the bottom of the well, it must first run with a small drill pressure and a low speed. Then use a relatively low weight (compared to the roller cone bit), higher speed and larger displacement. Avoid eyelashes as much as possible. If it is necessary to squint, the low-drilling pressure and low-speed should be used, and the operation should be uniform to prevent diamond chipping and excessive wear in the drill gauge.

PDC drill bit

PDC drill bit is the abbreviation of polycrystalline diamond composite drill bit, also known as polycrystalline diamond cutting block bit or composite piece bit bit. Since the introduction of the PDC cutting block by General Electric Company in 1973 and the development of the first PDC bit, the PDC bit has been widely used in oil drilling due to its advantages of fast drilling speed, long life and high footage. Almost all drill manufacturers have adopted this technology to start producing their own PDC bit series.

1) Structural features of the PDC bit

The PDC bit consists of a bit body, PDC cutting teeth and nozzles. It is divided into two series: steel body and carcass according to the structure and manufacturing process.

The entire bit body of the steel body PDC bit is made of medium carbon steel and processed by mechanical manufacturing. Drill holes in the working face of the drill bit to secure the PDC cutting teeth to the crown of the drill with a press fit. The crown of the drill is treated by a surface hardening process (spraying tungsten carbide wear layer, carburizing, etc.) to enhance its erosion resistance. The main advantage of this type of drill bit is that the manufacturing process is simple; the disadvantage is that the bit body is not resistant to erosion, and the cutting teeth are difficult to be fastened, and the application is currently less.

The upper part of the bit body of the carcass PDC bit is a steel body, and the lower part is a tungsten carbide wear-resistant alloy carcass, which is formed by a powder metallurgy sintering process. The PDC cutting teeth are welded to the carcass reserve socket with low temperature solder. The tungsten carbide carcass has high hardness and erosion resistance, so the carcass PDC bit has a long service life and a high footage, and is currently widely used.

2) How does the PDC bit work?

The PDC bit is a rock that breaks in a cutting manner. The self-sharpening cutting teeth can easily cut into the formation under the action of the drilling pressure, and move the shearing rock forward under the action of the torque. A plurality of PDC cutting teeth work at the same time, and the free surface of the bottom rock is large, and the rock is also easily broken under the shearing action, so the rock breaking efficiency is high and the drilling speed is fast.

3) Correct use of PDC bits

PDC drills work best in large, homogeneous, soft to medium hard formations. Not suitable for drilling gravel layers and soft and hard staggered formations.

The use of low drilling pressure, high speed, large displacement drilling, the use of the drill bit is good.

Before the drill bit goes down the well, the bottom of the well should be cleaned to ensure that there is no metal falling.

When the drill bit is just down the well, it is necessary to use a small drill pressure and a low speed to run and return to normal drilling after the formation of the bottom of the well.

The PDC bit is an integral drill with no moving parts and is suitable for high speed turbine drilling.

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