In the cutting process, the tool performance has a decisive influence on the efficiency, precision and surface quality of the cutting process. The following small series gives everyone a detailed introduction to the basic knowledge of cutting tool standards and tool materials.
The tool material must have the following basic properties:
The hardness is high, that is, the hardness of the tool material must be higher than the material being processed; the high strength and toughness, the material of the cutting part of the tool must be subjected to a large cutting force and impact force during cutting, so the tool material must have sufficient strength and Toughness; good wear resistance and heat resistance, in general, the higher the hardness of the tool material, the better the wear resistance, and the wear resistance and heat resistance of the tool are closely related; good thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity The better, it can reduce the temperature of the cutting part, thereby reducing tool wear; processability and economy are good.
Therefore, the tool material must have the following basic properties: high hardness, that is, the hardness of the tool material must be higher than the material being processed; high strength and toughness, the material of the cutting part of the tool must be subject to great cutting force and impact force during cutting. Therefore, the tool material must have sufficient strength and toughness; wear resistance and heat resistance are good. In general, the higher the hardness of the tool material, the better the wear resistance, and the wear resistance and heat resistance of the tool. Close relationship; good thermal conductivity, better thermal conductivity, can reduce the temperature of the cutting part, thereby reducing tool wear; process and economical.
Cutting tool standards:
(1) New high-speed steel
High-speed steel (HSS) is a high-alloy tool steel to which alloy elements such as W, Mo, Cr, and V have been added. Although there are many kinds of tool materials available at present, high-speed steels have excellent comprehensive performance in terms of strength, toughness, hot hardness, processability, and especially sharpness (the radius of the tool tip can reach 12-15 μm). In the cutting of some difficult-to-machine materials and in the complex tool (especially cutting tools, broaches, and end mills, etc.) manufacturing still occupies a larger proportion.
(2) New Fine Grained and Ultrafine Grained Cemented Carbide
Cemented carbide is a micron-sized powder with high hardness and refractory metal compounds (mainly WC, TiC, etc., also known as high-temperature carbides), powdered metallurgical products sintered with a binder such as cobalt or nickel. Cemented carbide is the most widely used cutting tool material in the field of cutting. The cutting efficiency is about 5 to 10 times that of high speed steel. The production of hard alloys in the world has grown extremely fast. New materials, new grades of carbide cutting tools are emerging, and the proportion of all tools is increasing. However, its processability is poor, and its use for complex tools is still limited.
The development of fine-grained (1-0.5μm) and ultra-fine grain (less than 0.5μm) hard alloy materials and solid carbide cutting tools has greatly improved the bending strength of cemented carbide and can replace high-speed steel for manufacturing. Small-size drills, end mills, taps, and other large-scale general-purpose tools, cutting speed and tool life far exceeds high-speed steel.
The use of solid carbide tools can significantly increase the cutting efficiency of most applications where high speed steel was used. In order to improve the toughness of cemented carbides, the method of increasing the Co content is usually adopted. The resulting reduction in hardness can now be compensated by grain refinement, and the bending strength of cemented carbides can be increased to 4.3 GPa, which has been achieved. Exceeding the flexural strength of ordinary high-speed steel. Another advantage of fine-grained carbides is the sharp edge of the tool, which is especially suitable for high-speed cutting of sticky and tough materials.
(3) Superhard tool
The so-called superhard cutting material refers to synthetic diamond and cubic boron nitride, and polycrystalline diamond and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride sintered with these powders and binders. Because superhard tools have better wear resistance than cemented carbide and can adapt to higher cutting speeds, they have become the main cutting tool materials for high-speed cutting, and more importantly, they can meet the cutting needs of difficult-to-machine materials. Therefore, super-hard tool materials have played an increasingly important role in the entire machining field.
Diamond is a carbon allotrope, divided into natural diamond and synthetic diamond (PCD). PCD is converted from graphite under high temperature, high pressure and catalyst. Diamond tools have extremely high hardness and wear resistance. They have sharp cutting edges and good thermal conductivity. At the same time, the affinity between PCD cutting tools and non-ferrous and non-metallic materials is very small. It is not easy to produce a product on the tool tip during processing. Blastomas.
At present, PCD tools are mainly used in the following two aspects: a. Difficult to process non-ferrous metals and their alloys, such as the use of PCD tool processing silicon aluminum alloy, the tool life of up to 50 to 200 times the hard alloy; b. difficult to process non Metallic materials, PCD cutters are ideally suited for the machining of difficult-to-machine non-metallic materials such as stone, hard carbon, carbon fiber reinforced plastics and man-made boards. Therefore, it can be said that the diamond cutting tool is the best tool for non-metallic materials such as non-ferrous metal materials, non-ferrous metals, ceramics, glass, and wood.
However, the thermal stability of diamond is low. When the cutting temperature exceeds 700~800°C, it will completely lose its hardness. In addition, carbon and iron in diamond have a strong affinity. Under high temperature and high pressure, iron atom interacts with carbon atoms, resulting in graphitization of diamond, which makes the tool extremely susceptible to wear. Therefore, diamond tools are generally not used to process steel and other materials.
Following the first synthesis of cubic boron nitride by GE of U.S.A. in 1957, cubic boron nitride was polymerized on cemented carbide under high temperature and high pressure to obtain a composite structure of cubic boron nitride (CBN) blades. CBN knife has two kinds of polycrystalline sintered block and composite blade. It can process hardened steel and cast iron at a higher cutting speed. It can be used for grinding and high-speed cutting of some high-temperature alloys at high speed. The machining accuracy is high and the surface roughness is quite low. And cubic boron nitride is also suitable for processing all kinds of hardened steel, Ni-based, Fe-based and other wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant thermal spray (welding) materials, vanadium-titanium cast iron, chilled cast iron wear-resistant cast iron, titanium Alloy materials and so on.
(4) Ceramic materials
Ceramic cutters have high hardness, wear resistance and good high-temperature mechanical properties, have a low affinity with metals, do not easily bond with metals, and have good chemical stability. Therefore, ceramic tools can process superhard materials that are difficult or impossible to machine with conventional tools. Ceramic knives have two major categories, Al2O3 and Si3N4. Adding various carbides, nitrides, borides, and oxides can improve their properties. They can also pass particles, whiskers, phase change, microcracks, and several types of toughening. The synergistic action of the mechanism increases its fracture toughness.
At present, some domestic whisker toughened ceramics, gradient functional ceramics and other products have reached the performance of similar foreign blades, and some are better than foreign. The main raw materials used for ceramic cutting tools, such as alumina and silica, are abundant in the earth's crust, which also has important significance for saving precious metals. Ceramic cutters are mainly used for high-speed machining of difficult-to-machine materials. Internationally, ceramic material tools have been considered as one of the most promising tools for further increasing productivity.
The relevant content of today's cutting tool standards is introduced here. I hope to be helpful to everyone. If you want to know more relevant information, please continue to pay attention to this website information platform. Thank you for your appreciation.
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