Abstract Entrepreneurs moved the factory to Southeast Asia and regretted it. why? Workers in Southeast Asia do not have disciplined Chinese workers. When they come here, they can’t come if they can’t say it. Second, workers in Southeast Asia don’t study hard. Chinese workers, masters and apprentices are still learning, and Southeast Asians...
The entrepreneur moved the factory to Southeast Asia and regretted it. why? Workers in Southeast Asia do not have disciplined Chinese workers. When they come here, they can’t come if they can’t say it. Second, workers in Southeast Asia don’t study hard. Chinese workers, masters and apprentices still study there, and Southeast Asians want to spend their money. Play, want to have a holiday. Breaking the "big pot" can be motivated
The chain is broken from the weakest link. China's dual transformation is actually a transformation of the system and a transformation of development. The transformation of the system is the transition from a planned economic system to a market economic system. The transformation of development is from an agricultural society to an industrial society and a modern society. The dual transformation is a combination.
The planned economy chain is very strict, how to break through? Break through from the weakest link. The weakest link in the planning system is agriculture, because the living conditions of farmers are different from those of urban residents. As long as you are a city dweller, you always have food stamps, oil tickets, and other tickets. No matter how difficult it is, you can have two pounds of meat a month. Therefore, if the city residents do not have a job, as long as you are willing to do it, plant trees, and build roads, you can also get a certain living expenses. But farmers are not like this. Farmers do not have food stamps, no oil tickets, and no meat tickets.
Therefore, this is the weakest link. Farmers' production is done according to the government's plan. If your life is not guaranteed, you will be given a piece of land. But what about this? Therefore, as long as there is loosening, the peasant’s desire for reform is the strongest, changing the status quo, and breaking through in the countryside. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee in 1979, the countryside began to move. The “big bag†began in the countryside, not only in a place in Anhui, but also in many places, and in Sichuan. However, after this opening, China’s reforms could not be stopped.
The next step is to mobilize the enthusiasm of the masses. This is the most important thing. In the process of China's reform and development, we must mobilize the enthusiasm of the masses and mobilize the enthusiasm of the masses mainly in what place? The countryside has engaged in "big contraction", grain production has increased, farmers have been able to eat, and there is enthusiasm, so farmers began to move to cities, to construction sites, looking for employment opportunities.
This is the beginning of a big change in China. In this process, it is also very important that there is more rural labor. China's labor force is insufficient, but after the "big contract", the enthusiasm has increased, and the labor force has increased. After more, what questions do you ask us? Run a township enterprise. I have a labor force, build my own factory, go to the factory to buy those scraps to make raw materials, and township enterprises get up. Township enterprises produce products to sell, who will sell? Find your own way.
In the early 1980s, when you were on a train and a long-distance bus, you could often see some people wearing a suit and sometimes a tie, but the big bag on the body proved that they were farmers. They traveled all over the country and are the promoters of the products of township and village enterprises, because they have to find their own sales.
This tells us that it is very important that the commodity market of a township enterprise has begun to take shape. Parallel to the planned market is the township enterprise market. This parallelism means that the unified planned economy has been broken. Who broke it? The peasants broke. After the reform of the countryside is the peasants' "big contraction", the peasants are everywhere, and the changes in the countryside are reflected here.
In addition, the enthusiasm of human resources has also come into play. Because farmers have not only limited themselves to farming in their own fields, they have come to work in cities. Although the hukou problem has not been solved, as long as there is work to do, they can make money.
These situations are not in the development of other developing countries, but they are in China. All developing countries, developing countries such as Asia and Africa, are also developing, but their development is very obvious. He wants to get rid of the former capitalist society. Their goal is to establish a market society. The market economy is a capitalist economy. . Such a process will not be reversed and will not go backwards, because who will be willing to return to the former capitalist society, no one wants, he has been moving forward, because the goal is capitalist society.
China is different. The dual transformation needs to be changed from an agricultural society to an industrial society, and from a planned economic system to a market economic system. Therefore, we must be cautious in reforms and must move forward steadily, not letting people feel disappointed and improve people's livelihood. It is an important issue. Because it is through the planned economy. People in the city, in the past, in any case, iron rice bowls, and big pot rice, broke the big pot rice, broke the iron rice bowl, and the people's livelihood did not improve, the society was unstable.
Therefore, our country has raised an important issue for the development of the economy in the dual transformation. One problem that will only be encountered in a country with dual transformation is that development is likely to reverse. This is a problem that we must pay attention to in our future reforms.
Why should we emphasize improving people's livelihood? Because there is a contrast there, it is a big pot of rice. Where does the big pot come from? He is not a pot to eat, it is two pots to eat, and even three pots to eat. Therefore, the 19th of the "Water Margin" returned to the 20th, and the principle of distribution of Liangshan was set up. After grabbing the property from the mountain, the part of the distribution was placed in the hall. The few leaders on the mountain ate this half, and many of them ate. That half is the egalitarianism of the two pots. This is the principle of distribution on Liangshan.
Isn't this the same under the planning system? You belong to this city, eat in this pot, belong to that city, eat in that pot, so there are large stoves, medium stoves, small stoves, special stoves. However, people who did not know in the past, who knows where to watch the Water Margin. Anyway, the people I know with me, we all eat in a pot, I don't know if there is a pot outside the pot, I don't know what to eat in the pot.
The hardest part is employment.
In the process of China's reform, we must emphasize property rights reform. At the beginning of reform and opening up, I made a report at Peking University. I was about to let go of the price. My first sentence was that the failure of China’s reform may be due to the failure of price reform. The success of China’s reform must depend on ownership. The success of the reform. This is to reform property rights. Because state-owned enterprises do not reform, and what is the use of light price, he does not take risks, and must carry out property rights reform. Clear property rights, then what to do? Whether or not to take the shareholding road, this is the beginning of the big debate at the office building auditorium. However, after Deng Xiaoping’s southern tour speech and the 14th to 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it was finally clear that the shareholding system is the direction of state-owned enterprise reform.
In this process, perhaps the most difficult problem in China is the employment problem. Because there are too many rural people in China, we must pay attention to the employment problem in China. I proposed employment priority at the time, taking into account the stability of prices. Putting employment at the top of the list, taking into account rising prices, tells us that to prevent inflation, employment is always important. In fact, employment issues are still an important issue today. The employment issue is important, and the inflation issue is equally important. This raises many new questions for our next economic reform.
Improve your own quality, employment is not a problem
I recently led a team to inspect a factory and invested a lot of billions. I asked the person in charge of the company. You invested so many billions, a modern factory, how many jobs can you increase? As a result, he returned to me, one did not increase, but also layoffs! I use a robot. In this way, labor productivity can be improved, and products can compete abroad. I have added a small number of managers. However, there must be a certain quality. Therefore, as long as the investment, the labor force will come back.
There is another problem. In many factories, I talk to entrepreneurs. How do you say about your factory? He said that workers are too difficult to find now, why? There is a shortage of mechanics.
He said that I have two friends, just here, they moved the factory to Southeast Asia, and they regretted it. why? When I first moved to Southeast Asia, I realized that Southeast Asia’s wages are lower than ours. It’s probably only half of China’s wages, and some are less than half. Isn't that a good thing? He said no, he regretted when he got there, and he couldn’t come back, and the factory was built. First, workers in Southeast Asia do not have disciplined Chinese workers. Chinese workers are generally very disciplined, and when they come here, they can’t come if they can’t come. Second, they don’t study hard. Chinese workers, masters and apprentices still study there. The Southeast Asians do not study hard, and they want to spend, want to play, and want to have a holiday.
The next step in China will have an important issue, which is to improve the quality of the workforce. What is missing now is the mechanic. What should I do in the future?
(This article is a rehearsal speech by Li Yining at the "China's Hot Issues in Economic Issues" seminar. The author introduces: famous economist, Chinese economics leader. Director of Social Science Department of Peking University, Honorary Faculty of Guanghua School of Management, Peking University Chang, doctoral tutor. Member of the Standing Committee of the 12th National Committee.)
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