In recent days, the reduction in the growth rate of China’s gross national product has caused a lot of discussion. Many people have raised questions about whether the Chinese economy is operating healthily, and even lost confidence in the future economic trends. In this regard, the "Half an Hour in Economy" goes deep into the front lines of social and economic production, presenting you with a true Chinese economy. The photovoltaic industry in new energy is considered to be the representative of the new economy. However, when it comes to the photovoltaic industry and photovoltaic power generation, many people first respond to such terms as low-price competition and export restrictions. If you are told now, there will be many families in the future that can install photovoltaic power stations on their own roofs. When you are lying at home, you can not only freely use electricity, but you can even sell endless electricity to the national grid. Do you believe it?
I. Self-generated electricity from home, roof solar power supply
Zhao Chunjiang is director of the Institute of Solar Energy at the Shanghai Institute of Electric Power. In 2006, he built 22 solar panels on his home roof and built the first personal power station in China.
Zhao Chunjiang said that the solar power system in his home is equivalent to a small 30-million-megawatt power plant. Although it is still small and small compared to people's hundreds of thousands of kilowatts of large-scale thermal power plants, his home’s solar power The system is a very complete small-scale power plant. The power and quality of the 220-volt AC from his home and the power generated by conventional power plants are the same.
As early as a few years ago, Zhao Chunjiang built solar power stations on his own roof. After he moved to his new home in 2012, he built a new rooftop power station. Zhao Chunjiang said that in fact, the principle of home-based photovoltaic power generation is extremely simple: After the sun shines, the solar modules in series emit direct current, which can be used directly after the inverter converts the current into 220V and 50Hz. The equipment needed for power generation is also very simple, including only solar modules, inverters, AC protection switches, and a bi-directional meter.
Zhao Chunjiang believes that in the future, these devices can be packaged together, like buying a TV set, and other professionals will install it on the line. They only need to calculate the site.
The cost of home-based photovoltaic power generation is actually not high. Zhao Chunguang studied in Japan for many years. Before and after he returned to China in 2006, the number of Japanese household power stations reached 600,000. At that time, it was catching up with Shanghai to propose 100,000 solar roof projects. It is hoped that Shanghai will generate at least 330 million kWh of electricity each year. After Zhao Chunguang returned home, he immediately invested more than 120,000 yuan to purchase solar power system components. After he moved to Xinzhuang in 2012, he built a new photovoltaic module system and integrated it with the roof. The total investment was only 50,000 yuan.
Zhao Chunjiang’s current solar generator set has a power of 3.5 kilowatts, which is, in theory, an average of 3.5 degrees per hour. In the past year, the newly built system has generated more than 4,100 degrees of electricity. Zhao Chunjiang’s wife told reporters happily that electrical appliances are now used to sprinkle joy. In the past, fish tanks, air conditioners, and TVs were used with the pass. They are now everywhere. open. In the past, because of the need to pay for electricity bills, it was no longer necessary to save air-conditioning for a family to blow air conditioners in a room. She feels as if she truly felt the benefits of solar power generation. It has made a leap forward in her quality of life. In addition to their own homes, the remaining 2000 kWh can also be imported into the national grid.
Zhao Chunjiang pointed to her own solar generator and said that the weather is good today and the current power is 2,500 kilowatts.
Only after 11 o'clock, has already sent out more than seven degrees of electricity, so down today can send at least 20 kWh, even 22-23 kWh is possible.
Speaking of home-style photovoltaic power generation, Zhao Chunguang and his wife are smiling, but when the family was just built in 2006, it caused a lot of trouble. I remember that when the power station was built, people in the power department soon came to the door, but instead of learning the script, they sent bills for payment of electricity charges. This made Zhao Chunjiang's wife very unhappy. She felt that her husband said that she could use her own power to generate electricity.
Because Zhao Chunjiang had promised his wife that after installing solar energy equipment at home, she would almost never need to spend money on electricity. However, people at the power company told them that not only did the electricity bill not be reduced, but they also paid more than 100 yuan per month. It turned out that the system installed by Zhao Chunjiang’s home was unable to use electricity during the day and transmitted power to the grid. In the evening when the power station cannot generate electricity, it must take power from the grid. At that time, the electricity meters of the power department were all unidirectional meters and could not identify the direction of the current. This caused the current to be counted as either the inflow or outflow of electricity. This means that the more power plants Zhao Chunjiang generates, the more electricity he will spend. After moving to his new home in Xinzhuang, Shanghai, Zhao Chunjiang learned the lesson from the previous lesson and applied directly to the grid company to install a bidirectional meter.
Zhao Chunjiang pointed at the two-way electricity meter carefully and explained to reporters that when the meter shows reverse active power, it means that it is transmitting power outwards, that is, transmitting power to the grid. The current reverse power is 0.05 kilowatts, which means that the power consumption at home is still quite large. Most of the electricity generated is used by the family, leaving only 0.05 kilowatts to be sent out. The reverse power of electricity is 2004.37 kWh, which means that more than 2004 electricity has been delivered to the grid.
A little more than 2004 degrees, this is the total amount of electricity delivered by Zhao Chunjiang’s home to the grid company when interviewed by the reporter. If homemade electricity is added, from 2006 to now, Zhao Chunjiang’s two sets of solar photovoltaic power generation systems have accumulated 25,000 electricity. degree. In addition to most of the households, the electricity has been transferred to the grid.
Zhao Chunjiang said that before January 2013, all the electricity generated by the two power stations in his house were imported into the national grid at no charge. Just a few days ago, the power grid company signed a network access agreement with him, which stipulated that the basic electricity price was 0.4773 yuan per kilowatt hour, but the subsidy was always unclear. Although power grid companies are talking about green electricity repurchasing every year, prices have not been determined. Today's repurchases are no longer a problem. More importantly, it is necessary to introduce a specific pricing policy. So, how much is the on-grid price? Zhao Chunjiang is still waiting for the introduction and implementation of relevant policies.
Since 2013, Zhao Chunjiang’s power generation has begun to accumulate again, waiting for settlement. Zhao Chunjiang calculated a sum of money. According to the price level in Shanghai, the investment in power plants with a power of one kilowatt should be around 13,000. According to the solar radiation in Shanghai, the power output per kilowatt is 1050 degrees per year. Electricity prices should be set at about four, so that eight years will guarantee recovery. Even if the country reduces the price to two to five to three, it can be fully recovered in 10 years. Therefore, if the price of the network is appropriate, the prospects for household power generation are very broad.
Second, 100,000 solar roofs are planned to be implemented for 10 years and only 6 families in Shanghai participate
Using his own roof to generate electricity, he couldn't use it to transport electricity into the grid, but he didn't expect it to pay for the grid. Zhao Junjiang’s encounter was ridiculous. In 2006, Shanghai proposed 100,000 solar roofing plans, but after five years of implementation, it still responds. Of course, there are many reasons for the failure of this plan, but the difficulty in generating electricity to sell electricity is arguably the most important factor. However, this situation is changing. On March 19 of this year, Shanghai residents Chen Jilin got 116 yuan from the grid company and became the first person to earn "extra money" in self-built power stations in Shanghai.
Chen Jilin's family power station is built on the balcony of his own three-story building. A hand-made wooden stand with 11 solar panels. These panels are connected in series. After the inverter is stabilized, the maximum output power is 2.5 kW, which is 2.5 kWh per hour. Chen Jilin told reporters that this set of photovoltaic power generation equipment is 10,000 yuan when purchased, plus a total of about 15,000 yuan inverter components, the cost is not high, and now many families can accept.
Today's weather in Shanghai is cloudy and cloudy. There is basically no big sun. The power generation under such light conditions can reach 8.2 degrees. If the weather is good, it can be sent 15 degrees a day, and 2500 degrees can be sent every year. In addition to home electricity, the surplus electricity is input into the national grid through two-way metering meters. In this sense, Chen Jilin considers himself to be a supplier to the grid.
On March 19, 2013, Chen Jilin and Shanghai Electric Power Company signed the “Contract for the Use of Residential Distributed Photovoltaic Power Generation Projectsâ€. Later, Chen Jilin received the first electricity fee of 116 yuan from the grid company.
The contract shows that the grid company has settled with Chen Jilin according to the benchmark price of the Shanghai desulfurization and coal-fired unit. From the electricity bills, it can be seen that by March 19, Chen Jilin delivered 243 kWh of electricity to the grid. According to the price of 0.4773 yuan per kilowatt hour, Chen Jilin’s first settlement bill was 116 yuan.
Immediately after March 26, Chen Jilin received the first subsidy from the power company. This resident's electricity bill, that is, on behalf of the receipt shows: Shanghai residents s user self-interest free electricity tariff pre-set price standard for temporary implementation of 1 yuan per kilowatt-hour, after the relevant national policy is clear, according to the state approved the Internet price for liquidation , Duotuishaobu. Chen Jilin told reporters that the tentative price on the contract was based on the benchmark electricity price. In fact, it was executed at 1 yuan per kilowatt-hour, because the contract showed that the grid company did not have the right to exceed the desulfurization benchmark price, so later the grid company added him 127 yuan. Spread.
After getting the on-grid tariff for one yuan per kilowatt-hour, Chen Jilin saw the business opportunity. He told reporters that such electricity prices can be recovered in 7 years, and the service life of photovoltaic power plants should exceed 25 years. He calculated a bill for his family. In the past year, the electricity cost for the home year was about 3,000 yuan. Now he has installed a 2.5 kW photovoltaic power plant at home, and basically determines 2500 kWh of electricity a year, which means that his income is about It is 2,500 yuan, which is equivalent to about 3,000 yuan in electricity bills paid every year. He can save 70% of the electricity bill each year.
However, Chen Jilin also has his own troubles. Although Chen Jilin’s personal home photovoltaic power station was formally connected to power generation on January 5, 2013, Chen Jilin is still worried because the signing time is only one year. He fears that the policy will be implemented after one year. The change, and the grid electricity company's on-grid tariff for his 1 yuan, is only a temporary implementation of the standard.
Although the big encouragement policy is in place, the specific details of the operation of the residents' families are still very different in each place. The specifics of how to operate in Shanghai are still unclear. Chen Jinglin is observing the implementation of this policy. To be exact, he is concerned about the price of electricity and whether the grid company can pay on time and on time.
Now, Chen Jilin intends to put solar panels on the roofs of his home, which will expand the 2.5 kWh power to 3 kW. In this way, in addition to its own power consumption, it is also possible to make money every year by generating electricity. He feels that with this kind of policy unchanged, this model can also be copied continuously. He pointed to the roof of the villa not far away, saying that there are still many roofs there. There is a huge market potential for solar panels on the roof.
Now, including Zhao Chunjiang and Chen Jilin, a total of six families in Shanghai have installed distributed photovoltaic power stations on the roof. For Chen Jilin, he originally engaged in the investment industry and tried to install distributed photovoltaic power stations to taste the sweetness. Afterwards, it has now decided to shift all future emphasis to investment in the photovoltaic industry. However, in Shanghai alone, it has been vigorously promoted for almost a decade. Why only 6 households participated in solar power generation, where is the problem?
Third, the prospect of photovoltaic industry is bright and urgent
In the face of overcapacity in the photovoltaic industry and successive encounters between Europe and the United States, distributed photovoltaic power generation is supposed to be a win-win choice for overcapacitying and increasing the use of green energy. Why hasn't it been widely promoted? Where is the development of distributed photovoltaic power generation difficult?
Chen Yi, 24, is the chief of operations of Zhengtai Solar Energy Technology Co., Ltd. He climbs the high roof of Hangzhou East Railway Station every week. The inspection of solar panels is an important part of his work. A comprehensive inspection twice a week includes the degree of contamination of the machine, the temperature, the degree of looseness of the compact, and whether the panel is fragmented or not, including the cargo tank fuse.
At Hangzhou East Railway Station, the train speeded past. There are 44,000 small blackboards on the roof to form this solar power station. Chen Yi spent several hours on each visit, taking care of each corner, checking and measuring temperature, and sweating each time. But he said that as long as there is sunshine, there will be a continuous flow of electricity.
Chen Yi told reporters that if the weather is good, it can send 50,000 kWh, and if the weather is bad, it can send 1 to 20,000 kWh, depending on the weather.
The photovoltaic project of Hangzhou East Railway Station is the largest single-building photovoltaic power generation system in the country, with a construction scale of 10 megawatts, which is a one-piece photovoltaic building. Constructed and operated by Zhejiang Zhengtai Solar Energy Technology Co., Ltd., with a total investment of 240 million yuan.
Nan Cunhui, chairman of Zhejiang Zhengtai Group, said that according to the design capacity, about 10 million kWh can be generated in a year, which means that more than 5,000 households can pass 20,000 electric power.
Nan Cunhui said that from an environmental perspective, this project has unparalleled advantages. Because it compares with hydropower and thermal power, it can reduce the annual emission of carbon dioxide by 8,800 tons, sulfur dioxide by 75 tons, dust by 35 tons, and water saving by 17,000 tons. Nan Cunhui calculated a sum of money, this project is the Golden Sun project, to enjoy the country's 120 million yuan subsidy, plus Zhejiang's electricity price subsidies, the project can recover the investment cost between 10 and 12 years. Without this policy support, investing 2 billion yuan will take 40 years to recover, so the country’s policy support is very important.
However, although the photovoltaic power generation project at the Hangzhou East Railway Station was already on-grid power generation on June 30, due to the lack of an enforceable price subsidy standard, the price of the gold solar power is again the price approved by the local authorities. Therefore, it has been very difficult for the power sector to settle with Chint Group, which is responsible for the operation of the project.
Nan Cunhui explained that although the State Council has preferential policies, the taxation department does not have a corresponding fiscal policy. Whether the subsidy is used directly as a tax invoice or as a tax rebate for equipment has not been determined.
So, how should the electricity bill be compensated? In the end should be how much? To this end, the reporter specifically visited the State Grid's Hangzhou Power Supply Company. Wang Li, the director of the customer service center here, told reporters that there are currently 23 grid-connected companies in the entire Hangzhou area, with a generating capacity of approximately 68 megawatts and 23 megawatts of access to the Internet. . However, there is no home photovoltaic power generation network in Hangzhou. With regard to photovoltaic power generation, the grid sector is also waiting for more specific and enforceable policies.
Wang Li also told reporters that because this was just pushed last year, the settlement in the later period has not yet started. The issue of settlement has now become a major issue, because there is no relevant policy and it is very confusing. As for how to settle, users are waiting and they are waiting.
In mid-July, the State Council issued the “Several Opinions on Promoting the Healthy Development of the Photovoltaic Industry†clearly stated that it is necessary to vigorously develop the distributed photovoltaic power generation market. Encourage all types of power users to build distributed photovoltaic power generation systems in accordance with the method of "self-use, surplus net access, and power grid adjustment." Gradually increasing supportive policies will be introduced one after another. The distressed PV industry has obtained a rare opportunity for development.
On the roof of a factory building in Linhang Industrial Zone, Deqing, Zhejiang, Zhejiang Zhengtai Photovoltaic Project is under intense construction. A group of workers are laying solar panels. Ma Quanfa, general manager of Deqing Tianma Heavy Industry Machinery Co., Ltd., told the reporter that Southern companies have always been short of electricity, but PV power consumption is low and they can generate electricity without using other resources. This can improve the situation of power shortage in many enterprises. When this project begins to generate electricity, it will be able to meet one-third of its own company's electricity consumption.
The Ministry of Finance issued the "Circular on the Implementation of Distributed Photovoltaic Power Generation in Accordance with Electricity Subsidy Policy and Other Related Issues" on July 24. The state subsidizes the distributed photovoltaic power generation projects by the amount of electricity, and the subsidy funds are transferred to the distributed photovoltaic energy through the grid companies. Power generation project units. Photovoltaic power generation projects usher in an unprecedented bright future, which makes the entire industry chain excited.
In the workshop of Anhui Zhonghang Sanxin Solar Opto-electronic Glass Co., Ltd., it was a scene of overwhelming heat. However, no one would have thought that when the photovoltaic industry was in the doldrums, this company, which specializes in producing special glass for solar modules, had only one production line for seven photovoltaic glass production lines.
Executive Deputy General Manager Li Maogang told reporters that with the poor situation of components, the overall sales situation is not good. In the first half of this year, the market began to improve. Orders for photovoltaic glass have gradually increased, and prices have gradually risen. At the scene, the reporter saw that in addition to the two production lines being rebuilt, the other five production lines have all started. The total output after opening is 1.8 million to 1.9 million meters per month. The production workshop is also busy.
The emergence of business opportunities in photovoltaic power generation projects has also brought tremendous opportunities for the development of new energy-saving building materials. Song Zhiping, chairman of China Building Materials Group Co., Ltd., told reporters that many of the distributed power generation nowadays stays on the roof. For example, many power plants put power generation modules on the roof instead of integrating the modules with modern buildings. In fact, for China Building Materials, this new type of building materials should be promoted to new types of houses and energy-saving houses, that is, to integrate this solar energy component with the roof of the building. It is believed that with the introduction of the national support for photovoltaic policy, the market for building materials for new energy will also gradually heat up.
Song Zhiping reminded that the construction of urbanization is ongoing in China. The concept of new-type housing construction is energy saving and environmental protection. New types of houses using photovoltaic power generation will have a broader market prospect. He believes that farmers now have more than 30 billion square meters of housing, but most of the houses are not very comfortable in terms of earthquake resistance, energy saving, sanitation, and environmental protection, so basically they all need to be transformed. If you can use new building materials made by your own manufacturer during this renovation process, this will be an important opportunity for arranging distributed solar roofs.
During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, the installed capacity of photovoltaic power generation was determined to be 21GW, or 21 million kilowatts. "Distributed power generation" will be the focus of this goal. This is the biggest opportunity for the development of distributed photovoltaic power plants in the future. Hong Wei is the Chief Photovoltaic Research Institute of the China Academy of Energy Economics and the Director of the Photovoltaic Industry Research Center. He believes that the available roof area in China is vast, as long as it takes 1% of the development of distributed photovoltaic power generation, this will become a huge one. Industry and has a bright future. If the goals set in the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†are followed, at least 300 billion yuan of capital will flow in this market.
Hong Wei said that distributed photovoltaic power plants are semi-market-oriented industries that rely on relatively strong policies. At present, the legal status, supporting policies, on-grid tariffs, settlement fees, and funds of rooftop power generation are not smooth enough, and the business model of the industry has not yet been fully formed. For this reason, many people still hold a wait-and-see attitude.
The reporters found that although various supporting policies for photovoltaic distributed generation have been introduced, the on-grid tariffs that can affect the market are still brewing. Now Zhao Chunjiang, China’s first family-owned solar power plant, is still busy. He will often receive visitors and climb with them to the roof, repeating the explanations that have been said thousands of times. Zhao Chunjiang said that 200 households in this community are fully equipped to establish home-style solar power, but at the moment, he is still only a lone forerunner.
Zhao Chunjiang said his wish is to see all the solar cells on the roof. In fact, as long as 5% of rooftops can be covered with solar cells, they can meet the electricity demand of 21 million people in Shanghai. This means that people can fully self-sufficient in power supply.
From the day before yesterday, China-Europe Photovoltaic "Price Commitment" agreement came into effect. Under the condition of "constrained quantity and price", the EU will not impose anti-dumping duties on Chinese PV products. China-EU PV trade dispute will be temporarily put off, but price and price will definitely be bound. Forced the transformation and upgrading of China's photovoltaic industry. The significance of developing distributed photovoltaic power generation to adjust the energy structure and promote the revolution in energy production and consumption need not be repeated too much. The relevant state departments are also continuously issuing measures to invest funds. Why the development of distributed photovoltaic power generation is always unsatisfactory, the program reveals The question may give partial answers. The State Council's opinions on promoting the healthy development of the photovoltaic industry also clearly pointed out that the key to vigorously developing the distributed photovoltaic power generation market is to explore the corresponding power management system and operating mechanism, that is, to use the "subtraction" of monopolistic industries and enterprises in exchange for market vitality. The "addition" of economic development has allowed us to release the potential of economic development. We also look forward to the continued breakthroughs made by power grid companies and management departments, so that every household with a conditional home will have endless business opportunities on its roof.
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