Bacterial wilt is a significant disease affecting corn, primarily caused by various fungal pathogens. This disease typically occurs during the grain-filling to milk-ripening stage of corn growth, with the most severe symptoms appearing during the milk-ripening to wax-maturity period. The primary characteristic of the disease is the infection of the roots and lower stem, resulting in the formation of 1 to 3 knots that turn brown and rot. Because of this, it is also referred to as stem base rot or stem rot.
Within 1 to 2 days after the onset of the disease, the entire plant rapidly loses water, wilts, and turns yellow, with the ear drooping and ceasing development. In cases where the infection progresses more slowly, the leaves begin to yellow from the bottom up, become dry, and sometimes wither. Initially, the stem shows browning and water-soaked areas, which later shrink into striped depressions. The internal pith becomes hollow, making the plant prone to falling over. When cutting the affected stem, the vascular bundle turns brown. In humid conditions, white hyphae and pink mildew may appear on the surface.
The bacteria responsible for bacterial wilt can persist in the soil for extended periods. During winter, they survive in the form of mycelium, oospores, or chlamydospores within plant residues, soil, or uncomposted manure. In certain regions, continuous corn cultivation and the return of crop straw to the field contribute to an increase in bacterial populations over time. Additionally, high planting density can create a favorable microclimate for infection.
To effectively manage bacterial wilt in corn, several key practices should be implemented. First, cultivating and planting resistant varieties is crucial. In China, resistance to bacterial wilt has been prioritized in maize breeding programs, with different inbred lines and resistant varieties being used in various regions. After harvest, it is important to promptly remove corn stalks, either by composting them at high temperatures or by treating them centrally. Rotating crops with vegetables can also help reduce the spread of the disease.
Proper drainage and flood control are essential, along with reasonable planting density to avoid overcrowding. Increasing the use of zinc fertilizer can enhance the growth potential and disease resistance of corn. Applying organic and microbial fertilizers, as well as coating seeds with bio-preservative bacteria, can further improve plant health. Treatments such as flax nitrile (Sleek) or ricketts can also be applied to seeds or seedlings to prevent infection.
Source: Farmers Daily
Author: Jiaoxiu Fen
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