Abstract I. Introduction The US shale gas revolution has had a major impact on the international natural gas market and the world energy landscape. The world's major resource countries have increased their shale gas exploration and development efforts. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, China's shale gas exploration and development has achieved heavy...
I. Introduction The US shale gas revolution has had a major impact on the international natural gas market and the world energy landscape. The world's major resource countries have increased their shale gas exploration and development efforts. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, China's shale gas exploration and development made a major breakthrough, becoming the first country outside North America to achieve large-scale commercial development, laying a solid foundation for the "13th Five-Year Plan" industrialization development. In accordance with the spirit of the energy supply revolution, the consumer revolution, the technological revolution and the institutional revolution, the general secretary Xi Jinping proposed at the sixth meeting of the Central Financial and Economic Leading Group to accelerate the exploration and development of shale gas, increase the supply of clean energy, and optimize the adjustment of energy structure. To meet the needs of rapid economic and social development, continuous improvement of people's living standards and the construction of a green and low-carbon environment, this plan has been formulated.
This plan is a guiding plan with a period of 2016 to 2020 and a forecast for 2030.
Second, the planning background (a) development basis
China's shale gas resources are generally rich. Through the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†and exploration, the marine shale gas resources in the South have been basically implemented and scale development has been achieved; the key technologies for shale gas development have been basically broken, and the engineering equipment has been initially localized; Important experience in shale gas mining rights management, external cooperation and policy support. In general, China's shale gas industry started well and basically completed the expected goals of the 12th Five-Year Plan.
1. Resource evaluation
Important progress has been made in shale gas geological survey and evaluation, more than 10 favorable target areas have been delineated, and important discoveries have been made in the new strata of the new area. It is basically found that the Lower Paleozoic strata in the south are the main strata of shale gas development in China in the near future. , laid the foundation for further expansion of commercial exploration. According to the latest results of the 2015 Ministry of Land and Resources evaluation, the national shale gas technology can recover 21.8 trillion cubic meters of resources, including 13.0 trillion cubic meters of marine, 5.1 trillion cubic meters of land-sea transitional phase, and 3.7 trillion cubic meters of continental phase. Meter.
2. Exploration and development
A total of 44 shale gas prospecting rights have been set up across the country, covering an area of ​​144,000 square kilometers. Through the exploration and development practice in recent years, a large number of shale gas wells in the Sichuan Basin and the surrounding area have obtained industrial gas flow in the marine shale formation of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation, confirming good resources and development potential; Erdos (9.250, -0.12, -1.28%) The Triassic continental shale formations in the basin are also explored for gas. In 2012, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Energy Bureau approved the establishment of three national-level marine shale gas demonstration zones, such as Changning-Weiyuan, Zhaotong and Fuling, and the Yan'an continental-level shale gas demonstration zone, focusing on shale gas technology research. , production practices and institutional innovation. Sinopec and PetroChina (7.230, 0.00, 0.00%) actively promoted the exploration and development of shale gas, vigorously carried out the construction of a national-level shale gas demonstration zone, and obtained a number of major shale gas discovery wells such as Jiaozhan 1 well, taking the lead in Fuling. Large-scale commercial development of shale gas in national demonstration zones such as Changning-Weiyuan and Zhaotong. Up to now, the country has proved that the shale gas geological reserves are 544.1 billion cubic meters, and the national shale gas production in 2015 was 4.5 billion cubic meters.
3, scientific and technological research
The state has increased the support for shale gas technology research and development, and established the National Energy Shale Gas R&D (Experiment) Center to set up a “Shale Gas Exploration and Development Key Technology†research project in the “National Science and Technology Major Project†of “Large Oil and Gas Fields and CBM Developmentâ€. In the "973" plan, the "Southern Paleozoic shale gas enrichment mechanism and resource potential evaluation" and "basic research on the efficient development of marine shale gas in the South" were established, and technology exploration in various fields was widely carried out. Sinopec (4.850, 0.00, 0.00%), China Petroleum and other related companies have also strengthened joint research at all levels, technological innovation in mountain small well factories, excellent drilling and completion, fracturing and transformation, and developed 3000 pressure A number of equipment with independent intellectual property rights, such as cracked cars. Through the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", China has basically mastered the main technology of 3,500 meters of shallow sea shale gas exploration and development, which effectively supported the healthy and rapid development of China's shale gas industry.
4. Policy mechanism
In 2012, the Ministry of Finance and the National Energy Administration issued a subsidy policy for the development and utilization of shale gas. From 2012 to 2015, the central government subsidized shale gas mining enterprises according to the standard of 0.4 yuan/m3; in 2015, the two departments clearly stated that During the five-year period, the development and utilization of shale gas continued to enjoy the central financial subsidy policy. The subsidy standard was adjusted to 0.3 yuan/m3 for the first three years and 0.2 yuan/m3 for the next two years. In 2013, the National Energy Administration issued the “Shale Gas Industry Policyâ€, which regulates and guides the industrial development, demonstration zone construction, technology policy, market and transportation, conservation and environmental protection, and promotes the healthy development of the shale gas industry. During the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†period, a new mechanism for joint venture development of shale gas was established. Sinopec and PetroChina respectively established joint ventures with local enterprises to develop shale gas blocks such as Chongqing Fuling and Sichuan Changning.
(II) Development situation
During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the new normal of China's economic development will promote the continuous optimization and adjustment of the energy structure, and the demand for clean energy such as natural gas will continue to increase, providing valuable strategic opportunities for large-scale development of shale gas. At the same time, the development of China's shale gas industry is still in its infancy, and there are more uncertain factors and challenges.
1. Development opportunities
(1) National development strategies and policy guidance provide a broad space for shale gas development. In 2015, natural gas accounted for 5.9% of China's primary energy consumption, and the gap with the world's 24% average is still large. As China continues to strengthen air pollution control, vigorously promote clean and low carbon development strategies and actively promote new urbanization, natural gas will play a greater role in adjusting and optimizing energy structure. The "Economic Development Strategic Action Plan (2014-2020)" of the General Office of the State Council clearly states that by 2020, natural gas will account for more than 10% of China's primary energy consumption. The development of shale gas is in line with China's energy development trend.
(2) The rich resource base and good industrial start provide a solid guarantee for the development of shale gas. The “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†shale gas development in China has achieved breakthroughs in the southern marine system, and the shale gas in the Sichuan Basin has achieved large-scale commercial development. Many other favorable areas have obtained industrial test airflow, and the shale gas resources and development potential of the Longyangxi Formation in the South China Sea. Strongly confirmed. Deep marine shale gas in the Sichuan Basin, large-area atmospheric low-abundance marine shale gas outside the Sichuan Basin, and continental shale gas in the Ordos Basin also provide resources for large-scale development of shale gas in the future. At the same time, China has basically mastered the efficient development technology of 3,500 meters of shallow sea shale gas, and will provide strong technical support for the accelerated development of the “13th Five-Year†shale gas industry.
(3) The continuous rationalization of institutional mechanisms provides a powerful driving force for the development of shale gas. The shale gas was identified as an independent mineral, and the institutional barriers to exploration and development were partially eliminated. The exploration of two rounds of exploration rights bidding has accumulated useful experience for improving the competitive transfer of shale gas mineral rights and establishing the exit mechanism of mineral rights. The establishment of joint venture and cooperative development models for various market entities has also provided for attracting and expanding shale gas investment. Valuable reference. With the comprehensive advancement of the oil and gas system reform, further liberalization of market access, fair access to infrastructure, establishment of a market-based market mechanism, and continuous improvement of industry supervision will provide a fair, open and orderly external development for shale gas development. surroundings.
2, facing challenges
(1) The scale of investment in construction is large. The shale gas well has a large investment in a single well, and the output is decreasing rapidly. The stable production of the gas field requires a large number of wells for indirect replacement. Therefore, the shale gas development investment scale is large, the implementation period is long, and there are many uncertain factors. For the shale gas development enterprise With large financial pressures and investment risks, the investment enthusiasm of some small and medium-sized enterprises has declined.
(2) Deep development technology has not yet been mastered. The development of shale gas resources with a depth of more than 3,500 meters requires higher requirements for horizontal well drilling and completion and production and transformation technology. At present, more than half of the resources in the southern part of the shale gas pipeline with a depth of more than 3,500 meters are built. The effective development of this part of the resources will affect the development scale of the shale gas in the “13th Five-Year Planâ€.
(3) Insufficient competition in exploration and development. The shale gas favorable area mining rights overlap with the registered conventional oil and gas mineral rights, the conventional oil and gas mineral rights exit mechanism is imperfect, it is difficult to give play to the advantages of shale gas independent minerals, increase investment entities through market competition, and expand shale gas effective investment. . In addition, the shale gas technology service market is underdeveloped, which is not conducive to promoting exploration and development technology and equipment upgrading through market competition, achieving cost reduction and production increase.
(4) Market development is difficult. As China's economic growth slows down and the prices of traditional fossil fuels such as oil and coal fall deeply, the competitiveness of natural gas declines and consumption growth slows down noticeably. At the same time, domestic natural gas production has grown steadily, and a series of long-term import agreements for natural gas such as China, Russia, Central Asia, China, Myanmar and LNG have been signed, and the natural gas supply capacity will increase significantly in the future. According to the current energy consumption structure, natural gas supply during the “13th Five-Year Plan†period is generally sufficient. Shale gas is more expensive than conventional natural gas development, and market development is more difficult.
Third, the guidelines and objectives (a) guiding ideology
Implement the national energy development strategy, innovate institutional mechanisms, attract all kinds of capital in society, and expand shale gas investment. Focusing on marine shale gas in the upper and middle Yangtze regions, through technological breakthroughs, policy support and market competition, we will develop and improve shale gas safety, environmental protection and economic development technologies and management models suitable for China's characteristics, and greatly improve shale gas production. To make shale gas an important part of China's natural gas supply.
(2) Basic principles
The first is to strengthen resource exploration. Focusing on the marine shale gas in the Sichuan Basin, taking into account other favorable areas, increasing exploration investment, increasing the proven reserves of shale gas, implementing more “dessert areas†and consolidating the resource base.
The second is to adhere to institutional and institutional innovation. Encourage the combination of independent development and foreign cooperation, actively introduce advanced and applicable technologies, support joint ventures and joint development of various investment entities, and strive to expand investment in exploration and development, effectively alleviating shale gas development technologies and investment dilemmas.
The third is to strengthen market competition. Improve the shale gas block access and exit mechanism, increase investment entities, strengthen market competition, promote engineering technology upgrades, accelerate cost reduction, and improve the economics of shale gas development.
The fourth is to strengthen policy support. In view of the immature engineering technology in the primary stage of shale gas development, high exploration and development costs, and low economic benefits, we will adhere to and improve relevant supporting policies to ensure the sustainable development of the industry.
The fifth is to pay attention to ecological protection. Strictly carry out environmental impact assessment of shale gas development, reduce pollution and reduce water and land use from the source to optimize shale gas development and ecological protection coordination by optimizing program design, using clean raw materials and advanced technology and equipment, improving management and strengthening comprehensive utilization. development of.
(III) Development Goals 1. Development Targets for 2020
Improve the mature 3,500 m shallow shale gas exploration and development technology, and break through the 3,500 m deep-sea shale gas, continental and marine-continental transitional shale gas exploration and development technology; in the case of policy support and market development, 2020 Strive to achieve shale gas production of 30 billion cubic meters.
2, 2030 target outlook
During the "14th Five-Year Plan" and "15th Five-Year Plan" period, China's shale gas industry accelerated development, and marine, continental and marine-continental transitional shale gas developments all achieved breakthroughs, and a number of large-scale shale gas fields were newly discovered and scaled up. Effectively developed, the shale gas production will reach 800-100 billion cubic meters in 2030.
Fourth, key tasks (1) vigorously promote scientific and technological research
Based on China's national conditions, following the new trend of shale gas technology revolution, we will overcome the exploration and development bottleneck technology of shale gas reservoir evaluation, horizontal well drilling and completion, stimulation and gas reservoir engineering, and accelerate the upgrading of existing engineering technology. Supporting the healthy and rapid development of the shale gas industry.
1. The shale gas geological selection area and evaluation technology focus on shale gas geological basic theory, shale gas exploration and evaluation technology and equipment, shale gas reservoir fine description and “dessert area†identification technology.
2. Deep horizontal well drilling and completion technology focuses on the optimization design and control technology of the wellbore trajectory with a depth of more than 3,500 meters, the rapid drilling technology of shale horizontal wells, and the long-life oil-resistant downhole power drilling tools.
3. Multi-stage fracturing technology for deep horizontal wells focuses on the optimization design and construction technology, post-pressure evaluation technology and related equipment research of horizontal wells in buried shale reservoirs with a depth of more than 3,500 meters.
4. The shale gas development and optimization technology focuses on shale gas well test analysis and capacity evaluation technology, shale gas development dynamics and reserves evaluation technology, shale gas development technology policy demonstration and gas production technology research.
5. Environmental assessment and protection technology for shale gas mining Focus on shale gas well drilling fluid and fracturing backflow liquid treatment and disposal technology, development of ecological and groundwater environmental risk assessment and monitoring technology, safety and environmental protection standards system and other research.
(II) Hierarchical layout exploration and development
According to the different work bases and levels of understanding, the national shale gas blocks will be promoted in three different ways according to key construction, evaluation breakthrough and potential research. For those blocks with good production or evaluation results, we will strive to promote and expand capacity building, and play a major role in greatly improving shale gas production. We will strengthen development evaluation and well group experiments for blocks that have been found in industrial airflow. Start scale development; strengthen the research and optimization of basic geological conditions for shallower blocks and a large number of new blocks, and strive to achieve new breakthroughs.
1. Key construction areas
(1) The Fuling Exploration and Development Zone is located in the eastern part of Chongqing City. The target layer is the organic-rich shale of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation. It has completed a phase of 5 billion cubic meters per year in Jiaoshiba and initially implemented the second phase of 5 favorable The target area has a buried depth of less than 4,000 meters and an area of ​​600 square kilometers, with a geological resource of 476.7 billion cubic meters.
(2) The Changning Exploration and Development Zone is located at the junction of the Sichuan Basin and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, including the two blocks of Shuifu-Xuyong and Muchuan-Yibin. The target layer is the organic-rich shale of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation with a buried depth of less than 4,000 meters. The favorable area is 4,450 square kilometers and the geological resources are 1.9 trillion cubic meters.
(3) Weiyuan Exploration and Development Zone is located in Sichuan Province and Chongqing City, including Neijiang-Yuwei, Anyue-Hainan, Dazu-Zigong, Lushan-Hejiang and Qixian-Changning. It is rich in organic shale in the Longmaxi Formation. The buried depth is less than 4,000 meters and the favorable area is 8,500 square kilometers. The geological resources are about 3.9 trillion cubic meters.
(4) Zhaotong Exploration and Development Zone is located at the junction of Sichuan Province and Yunnan Province. The target layer is the organic-rich shale of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation. At present, four favorable zones have been implemented, covering an area of ​​1,430 square kilometers and a geological resource of 496.5 billion cubic meters. Meter.
(5) The main body of Fushun-Yongchuan Exploration and Development Zone is located in Sichuan Province. The target layer is the organic-rich shale of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation. The area of ​​the favorable area is about 1000 square kilometers and the geological resources are about 500 billion cubic meters.
2. Evaluation breakthrough area
(1) Xuanhan-Wushan Exploration and Development Zone is located in the northern part of Chongqing City. The target layer is the organic-rich shale of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation. The buried depth is less than 3,500 meters and the favorable area is 3,000 square kilometers. The geological resources are about 200 billion cubic meters. Meter.
(2) The main body of Jingmen Exploration and Development Zone is located in the central and western part of Hubei Province. The target layer is the organic-rich shale of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation-Wufeng Formation. The area of ​​favorable area is 550 square kilometers and the geological resources have been initially implemented in Yuan'an and other places. 324 billion cubic meters.
(3) The South Sichuan Exploration and Development Zone is located in the southern part of the Sichuan Basin, including the Rongchang-Yongchuan and Weiyuan-Rongxian blocks. The target layer is the organic-rich shale of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation, which has initially implemented the favorable area with a buried depth of less than 4,500 meters. The area is 270 square kilometers and the geological resources are 238.6 billion cubic meters.
(4) The southeastern Sichuan Exploration and Development Zone is located in the southeastern part of the Sichuan Basin. The target layer is the organic-rich shale of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation. It has been initially implemented in Dingshan, Wulong, Nanchuan and other places with a buried depth of less than 4,500 meters. Square kilometers, geological resources of 948.5 billion cubic meters.
(5) The Meigu-Wuzhishan Exploration and Development Zone is located in the southwestern part of the Sichuan Basin. The target layer is the organic-rich shale of the Silurian Longmaxi Formation. The initial implementation of the buried depth of less than 4,500 meters is 1923 square kilometers, and the geological resources are 13,500. One hundred million cubic meters.
(6) The Yan'an Exploration and Development Zone is located in the central part of the Ordos Basin. The target layer is the Triassic Yanchang Formation and the Upper Paleozoic Shanxi Formation and the Benxi Formation rich organic shale, which are already beneficial in Xiashuwan-Zhongluo, Yunyan-Yanchuan. The district implemented 563 billion cubic meters of geological resources.
3. Potential research area
Through the “Twelfth Five-Year†exploration evaluation, Zhengan Block, Qigong Block, Hubei Laifeng-Xianfeng Block, Hunan Baojing Block, Longshan Block, Chongqing Chengkou Block, Zhongxian-Fengdu Block A number of blocks have obtained better shale gas display, and continue to increase research and evaluation and exploration and development during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, and strive for breakthroughs.
(3) Strengthening the construction of national shale gas demonstration zone
During the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan†period, the construction of four national-level shale gas demonstration zones in Changning-Weiyuan, Fuling, Zhaotong and Yan'an will be further strengthened, and the effective development technology, efficient management mode and applicable system of shale gas will be improved and promoted through experiments and demonstrations. Mechanisms, etc.
1. Key engineering technology test demonstration
Conducting shale gas geophysical evaluation and prediction of “dessert areaâ€, horizontal well drilling and completion, horizontal well fracturing reconstruction and shale gas development and optimization, and forming key technologies for shale gas exploration and development suitable for China's geological conditions. equipment.
2. Experimental demonstration of efficient management mode
Carry out test demonstration of shale gas “factory†operation mode, optimize shale gas horizontal well site design, construction operation procedures, equipment and material configuration, etc., to maximize construction efficiency and reduce development costs.
3. Experimental demonstration of institutional mechanism
Focusing on joint venture and development, we will improve and promote the shale gas multi-investment model, reduce the investment pressure of shale gas, accelerate the use of high-quality block mineral rights, and improve the external environment such as the relationship between enterprises and enterprises.
4. Add a national shale gas demonstration zone
Based on the exploration and development of the “13th Five-Year†shale gas, according to the shale reservoir type and development technology characteristics, a number of national shale gas demonstration zones will be added in time to carry out experimental demonstrations of geological theory, key engineering techniques and equipment, and explore A new field of shale gas exploration and development.
(4) Improve infrastructure and market
According to shale gas production capacity construction and national natural gas pipeline network construction and planning, support shale gas access pipe network or nearby use. In the main shale gas production areas such as the Sichuan Basin, actively promote the construction of shale gas pipelines; build compressed natural gas (CNG) and small liquefied natural gas (LNG) in areas with low shale gas production and underdeveloped backbone networks. Use equipment to increase shale gas utilization. Encourage all kinds of investment entities to enter the shale gas sales market, and gradually form a market pattern in which multiple entities such as shale gas mining enterprises, sales enterprises and urban gas-operated enterprises coexist.
V. Safeguard measures (1) Strengthen resource survey and evaluation
Further strengthen the investigation and evaluation of shale gas resources, implement the economically recoverable resources of shale gas, master the distribution of “dessert areaâ€, and improve the detection level of shale gas resources. At the same time, actively promote the establishment of shale gas exploration and evaluation database, achieve shale gas geological evaluation, drilling and completion of basic data sharing, and reduce unnecessary exploration and evaluation costs.
(II) Strengthen key technology research
Through the national science and technology plan (special projects, funds, etc.) to strengthen support for shale gas technology research, closely combine the technical problems in shale gas production practice, carry out key technology research and core equipment research and development in the whole industry chain, and at the same time strengthen shale gas exploration and development Prospective technology research and reserves. By continuously improving the technical level, the cost of shale gas development continues to decline, ensuring shale gas efficiency and sustainable development.
(3) Promoting institutional and institutional innovation
Competing for the transfer of shale gas blocks, improving the shale gas block exit mechanism, liberalizing the market, introducing various investment entities, building a market structure and market system for effective competition in the shale gas industry, and giving full play to the market's role in resource allocation Increase shale gas investment and reduce development costs. Encourage joint ventures and cooperation with foreign countries to accelerate the exploration and development progress of existing high-quality blocks. Actively cultivate market entities such as shale gas technical services and equipment R&D and manufacturing. Establish a shale gas technology exchange and cooperation mechanism to improve the shale gas market regulation and environmental supervision mechanism.
(4) Increase policy support
Implement the shale gas development and utilization financial subsidy policy, study and establish a tenement management system that is compatible with shale gas rolling exploration and development, formulate policies for supporting shale gas local use, and simplify the overall development plan approval for shale gas external cooperation projects. Fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the company. Local governments at all levels should actively support shale gas enterprises in land acquisition, urban and rural planning, environmental assessment and environmental assessment, and create a favorable external environment for the development of shale gas industry.
(5) Establishing a rolling adjustment mechanism
During the implementation of this plan, according to domestic natural gas demand, shale gas technology development level, cost-effectiveness and overall progress of specific exploration and development, a rolling adjustment mechanism will be implemented to timely and rationally adjust shale gas planning objectives and task deployment to meet industry development needs. To ensure the sustainable and healthy development of the shale gas industry.
6. Social Benefits and Environmental Assessment (1) Social Benefits
The development of shale gas is of great significance to promote China's scientific and technological progress, promote economic development, optimize energy structure and ensure energy security. Mastering the main technology of shale gas exploration and development, it can be applied to other unconventional oil and gas fields to promote the overall theoretical innovation, technological progress and industrial development of the oil and gas industry. As a major clean energy infrastructure industry, shale gas development will effectively drive the development of transportation, steel, materials, equipment, cement, chemicals and other related industries, increase social employment, attract domestic and foreign investment, increase national tax revenue, promote local economy and The national economy is developing sustainably.
(2) Environmental assessment
As a clean energy source, shale gas will save and replace a large amount of coal and petroleum resources, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and improve the ecological environment. At the same time, shale gas development will also have certain environmental impacts. For example, shale gas well site construction will cause damage to surface vegetation, and methane escape or abnormal leakage may occur during development and gathering, and shale gas production and transformation will trigger surface. Vibration, increase in production and transformation, large water consumption, affecting regional water resources, improper treatment of drilling fluid and fracturing fluid after returning to the pipeline may cause pollution.
The relevant measures adopted include: strict compliance with laws and regulations such as the Environmental Protection Law (revised in 2014), and revision of environmental standards related to shale gas development; extensive promotion of horizontal well factory operations, reduction of the number of well sites, and reduction of land occupation Area; vegetation restoration for abandoned well sites; methane gas is strictly recovered in the production process, and pollution prevention and treatment is required if there is no recycling condition; the fracturing fluid returned to the row is recycled or reused during the process of production increase and transformation, or harmless Treatment to reduce the emission of pollutants in the environment.
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