Pests and diseases have reduced the yield of Chinese herbal medicines by 10% to 30%, and the severe years are as high as 50% or more, and the appearance and internal quality of the medicinal materials are declining. Due to its small side effects and good environmental compatibility, biological pesticides have become a trend and direction of global pesticide development. At present, there are nearly 80 kinds of registered and used in China. Biological pesticides include plant-derived pesticides, microbial pesticides, antibiotics, and biochemical pesticides. The use of biological pesticides can effectively prevent pests and diseases without killing natural enemies. Pathogens and pests are not easy to produce resistance, non-toxic to humans and animals, conducive to sustainable development and production of green Chinese herbal medicines, and can make Chinese herbal medicines go international smoothly. market.
1 biological insecticide 1.1Bt emulsion is Bacillus thuringiensis, is a pesticidal bacteria. It is mainly a stomach poisoning effect, non-toxic to humans, animals and natural enemies, does not pollute the environment, and has no phytotoxicity to medicinal plants. The worm died of sepsis after swallowing. The dosage form is a wettable powder (containing 10 billion g/g of live spores), and 500 to 1000 times of liquid can be used. It can control a variety of pests such as the moth, the locust, the bean hawk moth, the bridge worm, the cabbage caterpillar, the diamondback moth, the cotton bollworm, the ground tiger, the cockroach and the like on the medicinal plant.
2. Avermectin, also known as Qiqisu, Aifuding, Nonghaha, and Insect, is a broad-spectrum and highly effective macrolide antibacterial antibiotic with insecticidal, acaricidal and nematicidal activity. There are contact and stomach toxicity, no systemic. Using avermectin containing 0.5g of active ingredient per acre (667 square meters) can kill pests and is safe for people and animals. The commonly used dosage form is 1.8%, 1.0% emulsifiable concentrate, which is used for controlling rust, cockroach, leaf miner, aphid, etc. of medicinal plants such as cockroaches and bergamot, and is diluted to 2000-5000 times liquid when used.
3. Beauveria bassiana is an insecticidal fungus. After the active spores are contacted with the pests, the germ tubes are produced, and the hyphae invade the body through the epidermis and continue to proliferate, thereby causing the metabolic disorder of the pests to die, and the water in the pests is sucked dry and becomes stiff. There are powders containing live spores of 10 billion / g and 100 billion / g, which can be used to control pests such as hazelnut moth, leaf roller moth, leafhopper, and alfalfa.
4. Insect virus preparations have a highly specific parasitic range, which is not easy to cause ecological balance damage; can form inclusion bodies, especially nuclear polyhedrosis virus and granulosis virus, with good stability; highly toxic to target insects, can cause regions Sexual insect epidemics; no phytotoxicity to plants, safety tests proved harmless to humans, poultry and aquatic life. At present, the insecticidal preparations used in the production include: cabbage genus nuclear polyhedrosis virus, cotton bollworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus, beet armyworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus, cabbage cabbage granule virus and the like. These insect virus preparations can be used for controlling pests occurring on medicinal plants, and have good input-output ratio and ecological and environmental benefits.
5. Diflubenzuron is an insect growth regulator and is a specific insecticide . After the pests come into contact with or take food, the synthesis of chitin in the epidermis is inhibited, and the larvae cannot die properly and die. Mainly manifested as stomach toxicity, also has a certain contact effect, no systemic, special effects on Lepidoptera and Diptera larvae, low toxicity, safe for humans, animals and natural enemies. The dosage form is 25%, 50% suspension. When applied, it is diluted to 1500-2000 times to prevent the moth, the caterpillar, the gypsy moth and so on.
6. Imidacloprid is also known as net, clean and rehabilitated. It has the characteristics of high efficiency, broad spectrum, low toxicity and low residue. The pests are not easy to produce resistance and are safe for humans, animals, plants and natural enemies. After the pests contact the agent, the central nervous system is blocked and paralyzed and died. It is a contact, stomach poison, and systemic insecticide. The dosage form has 2.5%, 10% wettable powder and 5% emulsifiable concentrate, and is diluted into 2000-6000 times liquid for controlling pests such as aphids, hibiscus and leaf roller moth on medicinal plants.
7. Nicotine is an insecticide isolated from tobacco. The solution or vapor can penetrate into the body of the pest, causing its nerve to rapidly poison and die. It is mainly characterized by contact and killing, and also has certain fumigation and stomach toxicity. It is safe for plants, has a short residual effect, and has certain toxicity to humans and animals. The dosage form is mainly 40% nicotine sulfate aqueous solution, which is diluted to 800-1000 times liquid during application, and controls medicinal plants such as aphids, spider mites, leafhoppers, leaf curlers, and heartworms.
8. Others include Liuyangmycin, huaguangmycin, chlorpyrifos, acaricidin, acaricidal, microsporidia, pyrethroid, chuanxiong, matrine and other biological insecticides.
2 biological fungicides 1. Agricultural anti-120 is low-toxic to humans and animals, has no residue, does not pollute the environment, is safe for plants and natural enemies, and has the effect of stimulating plant growth. The dosage form has 2% and 4% water agents, and can be used to control powdery mildew, anthracnose, blight and the like of medicinal plants by spraying with 200 times liquid.
2. Polymycin is also called polyoxomycin. It is effective against a variety of fungal diseases. It has a wide spectrum of sterilization, low toxicity, no residue, no environmental pollution, and is safe for humans, animals, natural enemies and plants. The dosage form has 1.5% and 10% wettable powder, and the spray of 500-1000 times liquid can prevent the spot disease, the round disease, the gray mold disease, the downy mildew disease, the brown spot disease and the like of the medicinal plants.
3. Wuyincin BO-10 is a broad-spectrum, high-efficiency, low-toxic fungicide with strong systemic activity. It has strong inhibitory activity against fungi, inhibits Gram-positive bacteria and negative bacteria, and has powdery mildew on medicinal plants. Gray spot disease, stem blight and Pseudomonas have good control effects and are safe for humans, animals and natural enemies.
4. Agricultural streptomycin has a good effect on bacterial diseases, and has a wide spectrum of sterilization and systemic absorption. The dosage form is 10% wettable powder, diluted into 500-2000 times liquid spray, preventing bacterial soft rot, rot disease, epidemic disease, downy mildew and bacterial perforation of medicinal plants, and low toxicity to humans and animals, but Highly toxic to fish.
5. Others include Jinggangmycin, Chunleimycin, Princessingmycin, Trichoderma preparation, Gyromycin, and Oxytetracycline.
3 using the correct method of application 1. Bacterial insecticides with appropriate concentration and scientific spacing generally use 2200-2500g of bacteria powder per hectare with live spores of 10 billion/g. The insect population is large, the generations overlap, the age of the insects is uneven, and the unit area is used once. The interval is short. Bacillus thuringiensis control 10 to 15 days interval between Plutella xylostella L. and D. chinensis, and 5 to 6 days between prevention and control of T. chinensis.
2. Spraying uniform biological pesticides is generally based on stomach toxicity, and uniform spraying can improve the control effect. Before using the powder, weigh the amount of the drug, add a small amount of water to make a paste, and then add the required amount of water; shake the emulsion thoroughly before use, according to the amount of water per hectare to enter the required amount of water 750 ~ 1000kg, stir well . Adding 0.1% detergent powder, saponin or tea seed powder as an adhesive in the solution is beneficial to improve the spraying effect.
3. Proper formula, mixed use of biological pesticides, insecticide, disease prevention, strong targeted, pesticide blending can expand the scope of application, improve drug efficacy, especially in the case of gluttony pests, it is necessary. However, it should not be mixed with alkaline pesticides or systemic organophosphorus pesticides. It is forbidden to mix with fungicides and antiviral agents. When the formula is mixed, it should be used as needed, and it should not be put on for a long time.
4 Precautions for use According to the China Pesticide Network , bacterial pesticides are biological pesticides with high insecticidal rate, no pollution to the environment, no poisoning of humans and animals, and no resistance to pests. However, the insecticidal action of bacterial pesticides is related to the number and activity of bacteria, and the meteorological conditions are very strict when used. To improve the efficacy of bacterial bio-pesticide, the following issues must be noted when using:
1. When grasping the temperature, it must be controlled at an ideal temperature of 20 °C. The secret of this pesticide is that the active ingredient of this kind of pesticide is composed of protein crystals and living spores. Once sprayed below the above temperature, Then the propagation rate of spores in the body of the pest is very slow, and the protein crystals are also difficult to exert their effects, and often the control effect is not observed after application. According to the experimental data, the effect of bio-pesticides after spraying is 1 to 2 times higher than that at 10 to 15 °C at 25-30 °C.
2. Avoid glare, enhance spore vigor, and fully exert its efficacy. UV rays in sunlight have a lethal killing effect on spores. Scientific experiments show that direct sunlight kills 50% of spores in 30 minutes, and after 1 hour of irradiation, spores The mortality rate is as high as 80%, and the ultraviolet radiation can also cause deformation and effect on the parasporal crystal. Therefore, it is necessary to choose to use it after 16 o'clock or on a cloudy day.
3. Avoid storm rushing, timely use of spores is most afraid of heavy rain, so it is necessary to pay close attention to the weather forecast; because the rain will wash away the sprayed bacteria, losing the lethality. If it is sprayed for 5 to 6 hours, it will not only reduce the efficacy, but will improve the control effect, because light rain is very beneficial to spore germination.
4. Grasping the humidity The requirements of biological pesticides for humidity are also extremely strict. The greater the environmental humidity, the more significant the efficacy of spraying biological pesticides, especially for powdered biological pesticides. The reason is that the bacteria's spores are extremely resistant to dry environmental conditions, so the efficacy can only be fully exerted under high humidity conditions.
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